Male reproductive disorders

Question 1

List some congenital male disorders

Answer 1

• Pseudohermaphrodite (freemartin)
• Persistent penile preputial frenulum
• Testicular hypoplasia
• Cryptorchidism
• Hypospadiasis
• Epispadiasis

Question 2

List some penile conditions

Answer 2

• Fibropapilloma (warts)
• Spiral deviation of penis
• Penile and parapenile hematoma (fracture)
• External penile trauma

Question 3

List some preputial conditions

Answer 3

• Prolapsed prepuce (preputial eversion)
• Preputial and penile abscess
• Posthitis and balanoposthitis

Question 4

What is a persistent penile frenulum?

Answer 4

The persistence of or incomplete separation of the penis and prepuce along the ventral raphe during the first year.

Question 5

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 5

A condition in which one or both testes do not distend into the scrotum

Question 6

What is a spiral deviation of the penis?

Answer 6

Spiral deviation is due to slipping of the dorsal apical ligament of the penis and may occur intermittently.

Question 7

Describe penile haematomas

Answer 7

• Localized collection of blood involves the corpus cavernosum penis (CCP)
• Almost always through the dorsal wall of the tunica, just distal to the sigmoid flexure
• Tunica albuginea is ruptured, producing a prescrotal hematoma and oedema

Question 8

When do penile haematomas typically occur?

Answer 8

1. Ejaculation
2. At intromission - when the fully engorged penis is suddenly bent beyond its physiological limits, e.g. when heifer moves

Question 9

How do we treat/manage penile haematomas?

Answer 9

Small lesions - may resolve after 4–6 months rest in isolation away from cycling females. When service is attempted, some bulls experience further bleeding.

Large lesions - surgical drainage.

Severe cases - develop into parapenile abscesses, at which stage surgical correction (careful drainage and evacuation) is no longer useful.

Question 10

Describe penile prolapses

Answer 10

When the mucosa lining the preputial cavity prolapses through the preputial orifice.

Question 11

What causes penile prolapses?

Answer 11

• Genetic predisposition -
  
  • Brahman and Santa Gertrudis
  • Polled breeds (have comparatively weaker preputial muscles)
• Injury & infection

Question 12

When does balantitis occur?

Answer 12

Only during tuberculosis infections

Question 13

What causes posthitis?

Answer 13

• Trauma
• Infection
• Esxposure to IBR-IPV in cow’s genital tract

Question 14

What tumours can affect bull reproductive organs?

Answer 14

• Transmissible fibropapilloma
• Papilloma
• Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 15

What is PARAPHIMOSIS?

Answer 15

Inability to draw the penis BACK INTO the penis, resulting in oedema, swelling and balantoposthitis

Question 16

What are some causes of paraphimosis?

Answer 16

• Following erection through a stenotic preputial ring
• Spinal disease or trauma
• Rabies
• Resection of retractor penis muscle

Question 17

What is an important cause of unwillingness to mount?

Answer 17

LAMENESS!

Question 18

What is hypospadiasis?

Answer 18

Congenital disorder in which the urethra opens on the ventral surface of the penis

Question 19

What is epispadiasis?

Answer 19

Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the dorsal wall of the penis

Question 20

When testing semen, what bacteria are we looking for?

Answer 20

• Brucella abortus/ovis/melitensis
• Campylobacter foetus venerealis/foetus
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
• Actinobacillus seminis

Question 21

When testing semen, what viral agents are we looking for?

Answer 21

• IBR-IPV (herpes)
• Papilloma virus