Bacterial Translation, Archaeal and Eukaryotic Genetics (Unit 2)

Question 1

Translation does what

Answer 1

takes RNA to make proteins

Question 2

ANY RNA comes from what?

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

mRNA

Answer 3

messenger rna

Question 4

tRNA

Answer 4

transfer rna

Question 5

rRNA

Answer 5

ribosomal rna

Question 6

transcription and translation occur at the same time in what type of cells

Answer 6

prokaryotic cells

Question 7

bacterial genetic code

Answer 7

linear, uses ribonucleotides as letters in messenger rna

Question 8

words are triplet ______ of 3 ribonucleotides

Answer 8

codons

Question 9

1 codon = what

Answer 9

1 amino acid

Question 10

codons only have to do with what?

Answer 10

translation

Question 11

each nucleotide is read how many times?

Answer 11

once, they are nonoverlapping

Question 12

start codon (1)

Answer 12

AUG on 5’ end

Question 13

stop codons (3)

Answer 13

UAA
UAG
UGA
on 3’ end

Question 14

What do stop codons code for?

Answer 14

nothing, they stop the amino acid coding

Question 15

codon numbersq

Answer 15

64 total codons
61 for amino acids
1 for start
3 for stop

Question 16

Wobble Hypothesis

Answer 16

1st 2 nucleotides in a codon are more critical than the 3rd (all are important bc without the 3rd, there’s no codon)

Question 17

tRNA and rRNA have what?

Answer 17

complimentary base pairing

Question 18

tRNA carries amino acids to what?

Answer 18

translations

Question 19

ribosome structure small unit

Answer 19

where decoding happens

Question 20

ribosome structure large unit

Answer 20

where peptide bonds are made

Question 21

Ribosomes tRNA binding sites

Answer 21

A site = holds tRNA that carries next amino acids to be added to the chain
P site = holds tRNA that carries growing polypeptide chain
E site = exit site, where discharges tRNAs leave the ribosome

Question 22

aminoacyl tRNAs synthetases generates (makes) what?

Answer 22

charged tRNAs

Question 23

steps of translation

Answer 23

1. initiation = most complex and controlled step
2. elongation = add amino acids
3. termination = stop codon

each requires multiple accessory factors and GTP for energy (GTP instead of ATP)

Question 24

when you put 2 amino acids in a peptide bond, you add to the what?

Answer 24

carboxyl end

Question 25

Always form the bond between amino and carboxyl group on the ___ terminus

Answer 25

C

Question 26

telomerase is special to what?

Answer 26

Eukaryotes

Question 27

telemores =

Answer 27

repeating DNA sequences - adds to the ends of DNA molecules to prevent it from getting shorter and shorter and risking cell death

Question 28

ribosomes make what?

Answer 28

proteins

Question 29

histones

Answer 29

archaeal - eukayotic like proteins used for winding DNA

Question 30

reverse gyrase

Answer 30

achaeal - introduces positive supercoils into DNA | only archael has this - actually adds gyrase

Question 31

similarities in DNA between archea and eukaryotic organisms

Answer 31

1. they both have multiple origins of replication

Question 32

differences in DNA between archea and eukaryotic organisms

Answer 32

1. eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes and archea have circular chromosomes 2. eukaryotic cells use telomeres to help in DNA sequencing and this is only in eukaryotic cells. Archea have reverse gyrase and it's specific to archea.

Question 33

transcriptional similarities between eukayrotic cells and archea?

Answer 33

They both use tata box promoters

Question 34

transcriptional differences between eukayrotic and archea?

Answer 34

1. eukayotic cells have multiple rna polymerase and archea only have one rna polymerase

Question 35

Where does translation occur in all living organisms?

Answer 35

The cytoplasm

Question 36

Which types have a tata box?

Answer 36

Archaea and eukaryotic cells