Unit 4 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
The body’s response to infection, invasion, allergies, or cancer
A
Immunology
2
Q
2 major immune pathways
A
- innate response
2. adaptive response
3
Q
repeat infections are cleared by which immune response
A
adaptive
4
Q
which immune response is triggered first always?
A
innate response
5
Q
adaptive response
A
triggered by the innate response and is specialized and long lasting (like the seal team 6 of the immune system)
6
Q
Which immune response responds the same every time?
A
Innate
7
Q
Which cells are red in color?
A
Red Blood Cells - the only cell in the body with color
8
Q
These types of Myeloid progenitors help with allergy and parasite response
A
basophils, eosinophils, monocytes
9
Q
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells are what type of progenitors?
A
Lymphoid Progenitor
10
Q
Kills antibody coated cells and virus infected or tumor cells
A
Natural Killer Cells
11
Q
Produces antibody and presents antigen
A
B cells
12
Q
has CD4 and CD8
A
T cells
13
Q
CD4
A
T cell that promotes immune response and activates B cells
14
Q
CD8
A
T cell that kills viral, tumor, nonself cells (police of your cells)
15
Q
phagocytose (eat, envelope) and kill bacteria
A
Neutrophils
16
Q
Best antigen presenters, typically trigger T cell response
A
Dendritic Cells
17
Q
initiates inflammatory, antibacterial response with antiviral and antitumor activity
A
Macrophages (Big Eater)
18
Q
Primary Lymphoid Organs
A
Thymus and Bone Marrow
19
Q
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
A
Bone Marrow, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and more
20
Q
where is lymphoid tissue located?
A
lungs, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract
21
Q
Where do T cells mature?
A
Thymus
22
Q
messengers between immune cells and important for initiating immune system
A
cytokines
23
Q
when the cells spread apart to allow things to flow through the tissue after inflammatory response
A
vasodilation
24
Q
caused by increased blood volume at injury
A
inflammation
25
when leukocytes make it to an inflammatory site, they only phagocyte what?
Unknown or foreign microbes
26
type of cytokines that are chemo attractants to site of damage or infection
chemokines
27
Signs of illness are signs of what?
Healing
28
aposis
cell death
29
phagocyte types
neutrophils, macrophages
30
phagocytosis process
- bacteria is ingested, forming phagosome
- phagosome fuses with lysosome
- lysosome enzymes digest material
- digestion products are released from the cell
31
Cells that can produce long acting memory cells
B cells and T cells
32
Plasma cells secrete what?
Antibodies
33
T cells only recognize proteins, so they can only activate B cells against protein antigens - T/F
True
34
When antibodies bind to microbes or toxins, blocking them from interracting with target (body guard)
Neutralization
35
When antibodies bind to a microbe, making it more likely to be destroyed by phagocytes
opsonization
36
when antibodies bind together several microbes, making them easier to clear from body
agglutination
37
the process of stimulating protective adaptive immune response against microbes by exposure to nonpathogenic forms or components of microbes
vaccination
38
2 types of vaccination
1. attenuated
| 2. subunit/ conjugate
39
Attenuated vaccines
- can't infect the host but still retain antigens needed for a successful human response
- can passage a microbe through another organism like a mouse until it won't infect human cells
- can mutate genome of microbe so that its virulence factors are non-functioning but still present for immune recognition
40
Subunit/ Conjugate Vaccines
- Antigens are separated from microbe and injected into host to trigger immune response
- inactivated toxins can be used in vaccines
- polysaccarides do not trigger T cell responses
- conjugating a polysaccharide with a protein will activate T cells and stimulate maturation of antibodies
41
Cholera vaccine is what?
A live, attenuated vaccine
42
Causative agent for strep throat and is usually part of normal microbial flora, commonly found in upper respiratory tract
Stretococcus Pyogens
43
Streptococcus Pnemoniae causes what?
Pnemonia
drug resistance is common
gram positive, covered in a capsule
44
causative bacteria agent for whooping cough or kennel cough in dogs
Bordetella Pertussis
45
Causative bacteria for TB?
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
46
Why are TB infections increasing?
Drug resistance
47
How is TB transmitted?
By airborne droplets
48
2 types of TB infections
1. primary - hypersensitizes patient to bacteria and can be tested with tb skin test
2. postprimary - chronic tb resulting in gradual spread of tb lesions in lungs
49
T/F - A positive TB skin test result does not mean the patient has an active infection
True
50
TB treatment
vaccine is called BCG (Bacillus Calmette - Guerin)
hospitalization of infected patient in a negative pressurized room
antimicrobial therapy - 9 month process
51
Respiratory Airborne Diseases
streptococcal diseases like strep, pnemonia, scarlet fever
Whooping cough
Tuberculosis
52
Which viral diseases have been effectively controlled due to vaccines?
Smallpox and Rabies.....examples
53
Meningitis can be caused by what?
Bacteria, fungus, virus, or protist
54
meningitis
- non- respiratory airborne
| - inflames the meninges, which are membranes that line the central nervous system, spinal cord, and brain
55
most common type of meningitis, often in areas where people live close like army, college campus, prison
Meningococcal meningitis
56
varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes what?
Chickenpox and Shingles (Herpes virus)
57
most common infectious diseases
colds
- rhinoviruses positive single stranded RNA
- most antivirals are not affective
58
Influenza is caused by what?
RNA virus
59
3 types of influenza
A, B, C with A being most important human pathogen
60
T/ F - Innate immune response responds the same way every time it sees a particular pathogen
True
61
Which cells generate antibodies?
B Cells
62
B cells mature where?
Bone Marrow
63
Which cell type is typically the one to present antigen to B and T cells?
Dendritic Cells
64
Which is not a secondary lymphoid organ? Thymus, peyers patches, lymph node, spleen
Thymus
65
T/ F - Neisseria meningitis causes meningococcemia
True
66
Respiratory diseases are spread through what vehicle?
Aerosol droplets like airborne pathogens
67
T/ F - Memory T cells are important for vaccine function
True
68
Which infection does not have a vaccine?
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Varicella - Zoster Virus
Streptococcus Pyogenes
69
STD's AKA as
Venereal Diseases
70
STD pathogens are generally found where?
body fluids from the genitourinary tract that are exchanged during sexual activity
71
gonorrhea and syphilis
- preventable and treatable bacterial STI's
72
T/F - gonorrhea is usually asymptomatic in women
True
73
T/F - syphilis has a low prevalence and exhibits obvious symptoms
True
74
Syphilis is very treatable with what?
Penicillin
75
causative bactera agent for gonorrhea
neisseria gonorrhoae
76
untreated gonorrhea in women can lead to what?
pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
77
gonorrhea symptoms in females
mild vaginitis
78
gonorrhea symptoms in males
painful infection of urethral canal - usually end up in ER and men describe it's like peeing razors
79
Causative bacteria for syphilis
treponema pallidum (spiral bacteria)
80
T/ F - gonorrhea and syphilis are usually transmitted at the same time
True
81
Syphilis can be transmitted to who during childbirth?
The baby
82
3 stages of syphilis
1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
penicillin is highly effective for primary and secondary infections
83
syphilis used to be called what?
The french disease because french prostitutes were known to have it and spread it to soldiers
84
infects epithelial cells around the mouth and lips
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
85
how is herpes spread?
Direct contact or saliva
86
This virus type causes painful blisters on penis of male and cervix, vulva, or vagina on females
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)
87
How is HSV-2 transmitted?
Sexual contact and most easily spread when blisters are present
88
How do you cure genital herpes?
It's incurable, but a few drugs are successful in treating symptoms
89
When was AIDS and HIV first identified?
1981
90
2 types of AIDS
1. HIV - 1 - more virulent
| 2. HIV - 2 - less virulent and causes milder AIDS like disease
91
HIV tests
- must wait 2 weeks
| - tests detect antibody response
92
HIV treatment
0 vaccine
4 classes of drugs delay symptoms
highly active antimicrobial therapy is used (HAART)
93
AIDS/ HIV is caused by a retrovirus - T/F
True
94
animal disease transmitted to humans
zoonosis
95
how are animal diseases typically transmitted?
bites, aerosols, direct contact
96
enzoonotic
present endemically in certain populations
97
epizootic
with incidences reaching epidemic proportions
98
what are some animal reservoirs for rabies?
skunks, coyotes, bats, raccoons
99
how many people die annually from rabies?
50,000 usually in developing countries
100
how many people receive post exposure rabies care each year?
over one million
101
Causative virus for rabies
rhabdovirus (-) strand RNA virus
- infects cell in central nervous system
- leads to death if not treated
- enters body through wound or bite
- in humans, 9 months may pass before onset of symptoms
102
Rabies symptoms
fever, excitation, dilated pupils, excessive salivation, anxiety, fear of swallowing
103
anthropod transmitted diseases
```
rickettsial disease (bacteria)
lyme disease
malaria (protist)
west nile virus (virus)
plague (bacteria)
```
104
3 types of ricketssial diseases
1. typhus (lice)
2. Spotted fever (transmitted by dog and wood ticks and spread by tick feces) (30% mortaility rate without treatment) (Fever, headache, whole body rash, GI problems)
3. Enlichiosis
105
lyme disease
- spread by deer ticks
- main reservoirs are deer and field mice
- caused by borrelia burgdorferi
- seen in Europe and Asia, but mainly in US
- 40 - 60 % develop arthritis
- can cause neurological damage and damage to heart
106
malaria is caused by what?
protist disease caused by plasmodium spp
107
vectors for malaria
mosquitos
108
malaria is common where?
tropical and subtropical regions
109
how many people die annually from malaria?
over one million people
110
Does malaria have a vaccine?
No
111
This virus causes a 4% mortality rate in humans and 40% in horses
West Nile Virus
112
This has caused more human deaths in history than any other infectious disease
The plague (bacteria caused)
113
Vectors for the plague
fleas
114
Causative bacteria for the plague
Yersinia Pestis (Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria)
115
Treatment for plague
gentamycin and streptomycin
116
Can the plague be airborne?
Yes, it can be airborne with pnemonic plague
117
Is the plague in the US?
Yes, it's endemic in south west and spread by prairie dogs
118
Causative exotoxin agent of tetanus
caused by exotoxin produced by clostridium tetanus
119
How does tetanus enter body?
Contaminated wound
120
Diseases studied that have a vaccine
```
Tetanus (exotoxin)
Rabies (Virus)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Influenza (Virus)
Chickenpox (Virus)
Meningitis (virus, bacteria, fungal, protist)
Tuberculosis
Whooping Cough
Cholera
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