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Microbiology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s response to infection, invasion, allergies, or cancer

A

Immunology

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2
Q

2 major immune pathways

A
  1. innate response

2. adaptive response

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3
Q

repeat infections are cleared by which immune response

A

adaptive

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4
Q

which immune response is triggered first always?

A

innate response

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5
Q

adaptive response

A

triggered by the innate response and is specialized and long lasting (like the seal team 6 of the immune system)

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6
Q

Which immune response responds the same every time?

A

Innate

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7
Q

Which cells are red in color?

A

Red Blood Cells - the only cell in the body with color

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8
Q

These types of Myeloid progenitors help with allergy and parasite response

A

basophils, eosinophils, monocytes

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9
Q

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells are what type of progenitors?

A

Lymphoid Progenitor

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10
Q

Kills antibody coated cells and virus infected or tumor cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

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11
Q

Produces antibody and presents antigen

A

B cells

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12
Q

has CD4 and CD8

A

T cells

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13
Q

CD4

A

T cell that promotes immune response and activates B cells

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14
Q

CD8

A

T cell that kills viral, tumor, nonself cells (police of your cells)

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15
Q

phagocytose (eat, envelope) and kill bacteria

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Best antigen presenters, typically trigger T cell response

A

Dendritic Cells

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17
Q

initiates inflammatory, antibacterial response with antiviral and antitumor activity

A

Macrophages (Big Eater)

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18
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow

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19
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Bone Marrow, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and more

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20
Q

where is lymphoid tissue located?

A

lungs, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract

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21
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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22
Q

messengers between immune cells and important for initiating immune system

A

cytokines

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23
Q

when the cells spread apart to allow things to flow through the tissue after inflammatory response

A

vasodilation

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24
Q

caused by increased blood volume at injury

A

inflammation

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25
Q

when leukocytes make it to an inflammatory site, they only phagocyte what?

A

Unknown or foreign microbes

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26
Q

type of cytokines that are chemo attractants to site of damage or infection

A

chemokines

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27
Q

Signs of illness are signs of what?

A

Healing

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28
Q

aposis

A

cell death

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29
Q

phagocyte types

A

neutrophils, macrophages

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30
Q

phagocytosis process

A
  • bacteria is ingested, forming phagosome
  • phagosome fuses with lysosome
  • lysosome enzymes digest material
  • digestion products are released from the cell
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31
Q

Cells that can produce long acting memory cells

A

B cells and T cells

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32
Q

Plasma cells secrete what?

A

Antibodies

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33
Q

T cells only recognize proteins, so they can only activate B cells against protein antigens - T/F

A

True

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34
Q

When antibodies bind to microbes or toxins, blocking them from interracting with target (body guard)

A

Neutralization

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35
Q

When antibodies bind to a microbe, making it more likely to be destroyed by phagocytes

A

opsonization

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36
Q

when antibodies bind together several microbes, making them easier to clear from body

A

agglutination

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37
Q

the process of stimulating protective adaptive immune response against microbes by exposure to nonpathogenic forms or components of microbes

A

vaccination

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38
Q

2 types of vaccination

A
  1. attenuated

2. subunit/ conjugate

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39
Q

Attenuated vaccines

A
  • can’t infect the host but still retain antigens needed for a successful human response
  • can passage a microbe through another organism like a mouse until it won’t infect human cells
  • can mutate genome of microbe so that its virulence factors are non-functioning but still present for immune recognition
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40
Q

Subunit/ Conjugate Vaccines

A
  • Antigens are separated from microbe and injected into host to trigger immune response
  • inactivated toxins can be used in vaccines
  • polysaccarides do not trigger T cell responses
  • conjugating a polysaccharide with a protein will activate T cells and stimulate maturation of antibodies
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41
Q

Cholera vaccine is what?

A

A live, attenuated vaccine

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42
Q

Causative agent for strep throat and is usually part of normal microbial flora, commonly found in upper respiratory tract

A

Stretococcus Pyogens

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43
Q

Streptococcus Pnemoniae causes what?

A

Pnemonia
drug resistance is common
gram positive, covered in a capsule

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44
Q

causative bacteria agent for whooping cough or kennel cough in dogs

A

Bordetella Pertussis

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45
Q

Causative bacteria for TB?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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46
Q

Why are TB infections increasing?

A

Drug resistance

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47
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

By airborne droplets

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48
Q

2 types of TB infections

A
  1. primary - hypersensitizes patient to bacteria and can be tested with tb skin test
  2. postprimary - chronic tb resulting in gradual spread of tb lesions in lungs
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49
Q

T/F - A positive TB skin test result does not mean the patient has an active infection

A

True

50
Q

TB treatment

A

vaccine is called BCG (Bacillus Calmette - Guerin)
hospitalization of infected patient in a negative pressurized room
antimicrobial therapy - 9 month process

51
Q

Respiratory Airborne Diseases

A

streptococcal diseases like strep, pnemonia, scarlet fever
Whooping cough
Tuberculosis

52
Q

Which viral diseases have been effectively controlled due to vaccines?

A

Smallpox and Rabies…..examples

53
Q

Meningitis can be caused by what?

A

Bacteria, fungus, virus, or protist

54
Q

meningitis

A
  • non- respiratory airborne

- inflames the meninges, which are membranes that line the central nervous system, spinal cord, and brain

55
Q

most common type of meningitis, often in areas where people live close like army, college campus, prison

A

Meningococcal meningitis

56
Q

varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes what?

A

Chickenpox and Shingles (Herpes virus)

57
Q

most common infectious diseases

A

colds

  • rhinoviruses positive single stranded RNA
  • most antivirals are not affective
58
Q

Influenza is caused by what?

A

RNA virus

59
Q

3 types of influenza

A

A, B, C with A being most important human pathogen

60
Q

T/ F - Innate immune response responds the same way every time it sees a particular pathogen

A

True

61
Q

Which cells generate antibodies?

A

B Cells

62
Q

B cells mature where?

A

Bone Marrow

63
Q

Which cell type is typically the one to present antigen to B and T cells?

A

Dendritic Cells

64
Q

Which is not a secondary lymphoid organ? Thymus, peyers patches, lymph node, spleen

A

Thymus

65
Q

T/ F - Neisseria meningitis causes meningococcemia

A

True

66
Q

Respiratory diseases are spread through what vehicle?

A

Aerosol droplets like airborne pathogens

67
Q

T/ F - Memory T cells are important for vaccine function

A

True

68
Q

Which infection does not have a vaccine?
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Varicella - Zoster Virus

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes

69
Q

STD’s AKA as

A

Venereal Diseases

70
Q

STD pathogens are generally found where?

A

body fluids from the genitourinary tract that are exchanged during sexual activity

71
Q

gonorrhea and syphilis

A
  • preventable and treatable bacterial STI’s
72
Q

T/F - gonorrhea is usually asymptomatic in women

A

True

73
Q

T/F - syphilis has a low prevalence and exhibits obvious symptoms

A

True

74
Q

Syphilis is very treatable with what?

A

Penicillin

75
Q

causative bactera agent for gonorrhea

A

neisseria gonorrhoae

76
Q

untreated gonorrhea in women can lead to what?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility

77
Q

gonorrhea symptoms in females

A

mild vaginitis

78
Q

gonorrhea symptoms in males

A

painful infection of urethral canal - usually end up in ER and men describe it’s like peeing razors

79
Q

Causative bacteria for syphilis

A

treponema pallidum (spiral bacteria)

80
Q

T/ F - gonorrhea and syphilis are usually transmitted at the same time

A

True

81
Q

Syphilis can be transmitted to who during childbirth?

A

The baby

82
Q

3 stages of syphilis

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary

penicillin is highly effective for primary and secondary infections

83
Q

syphilis used to be called what?

A

The french disease because french prostitutes were known to have it and spread it to soldiers

84
Q

infects epithelial cells around the mouth and lips

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

85
Q

how is herpes spread?

A

Direct contact or saliva

86
Q

This virus type causes painful blisters on penis of male and cervix, vulva, or vagina on females

A

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

87
Q

How is HSV-2 transmitted?

A

Sexual contact and most easily spread when blisters are present

88
Q

How do you cure genital herpes?

A

It’s incurable, but a few drugs are successful in treating symptoms

89
Q

When was AIDS and HIV first identified?

A

1981

90
Q

2 types of AIDS

A
  1. HIV - 1 - more virulent

2. HIV - 2 - less virulent and causes milder AIDS like disease

91
Q

HIV tests

A
  • must wait 2 weeks

- tests detect antibody response

92
Q

HIV treatment

A

0 vaccine
4 classes of drugs delay symptoms
highly active antimicrobial therapy is used (HAART)

93
Q

AIDS/ HIV is caused by a retrovirus - T/F

A

True

94
Q

animal disease transmitted to humans

A

zoonosis

95
Q

how are animal diseases typically transmitted?

A

bites, aerosols, direct contact

96
Q

enzoonotic

A

present endemically in certain populations

97
Q

epizootic

A

with incidences reaching epidemic proportions

98
Q

what are some animal reservoirs for rabies?

A

skunks, coyotes, bats, raccoons

99
Q

how many people die annually from rabies?

A

50,000 usually in developing countries

100
Q

how many people receive post exposure rabies care each year?

A

over one million

101
Q

Causative virus for rabies

A

rhabdovirus (-) strand RNA virus

  • infects cell in central nervous system
  • leads to death if not treated
  • enters body through wound or bite
  • in humans, 9 months may pass before onset of symptoms
102
Q

Rabies symptoms

A

fever, excitation, dilated pupils, excessive salivation, anxiety, fear of swallowing

103
Q

anthropod transmitted diseases

A 
rickettsial disease (bacteria) 
lyme disease 
malaria (protist) 
west nile virus (virus)
plague (bacteria)
104
Q

3 types of ricketssial diseases

A
  1. typhus (lice)
  2. Spotted fever (transmitted by dog and wood ticks and spread by tick feces) (30% mortaility rate without treatment) (Fever, headache, whole body rash, GI problems)
  3. Enlichiosis
105
Q

lyme disease

A
  • spread by deer ticks
  • main reservoirs are deer and field mice
  • caused by borrelia burgdorferi
  • seen in Europe and Asia, but mainly in US
  • 40 - 60 % develop arthritis
  • can cause neurological damage and damage to heart
106
Q

malaria is caused by what?

A

protist disease caused by plasmodium spp

107
Q

vectors for malaria

A

mosquitos

108
Q

malaria is common where?

A

tropical and subtropical regions

109
Q

how many people die annually from malaria?

A

over one million people

110
Q

Does malaria have a vaccine?

A

No

111
Q

This virus causes a 4% mortality rate in humans and 40% in horses

A

West Nile Virus

112
Q

This has caused more human deaths in history than any other infectious disease

A

The plague (bacteria caused)

113
Q

Vectors for the plague

A

fleas

114
Q

Causative bacteria for the plague

A

Yersinia Pestis (Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria)

115
Q

Treatment for plague

A

gentamycin and streptomycin

116
Q

Can the plague be airborne?

A

Yes, it can be airborne with pnemonic plague

117
Q

Is the plague in the US?

A

Yes, it’s endemic in south west and spread by prairie dogs

118
Q

Causative exotoxin agent of tetanus

A

caused by exotoxin produced by clostridium tetanus

119
Q

How does tetanus enter body?

A

Contaminated wound

120
Q

Diseases studied that have a vaccine

A 
Tetanus (exotoxin)
Rabies (Virus)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Influenza (Virus) 
Chickenpox (Virus) 
Meningitis (virus, bacteria, fungal, protist)
Tuberculosis 
Whooping Cough 
Cholera

Microbiology (9 decks)

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