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Microbiology > Unit 3 - Viruses > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

phage means what?

A

virus

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2
Q

Viruses can have DNA or ____?

A

RNA

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3
Q

Do viruses benefit the host cell?

A

No, they do not bring a benefit

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4
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

No

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5
Q

Where do viruses live?

A

Viruses live in cells, but are not cells

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6
Q

individual viruses are called what?

A

virions or particles

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7
Q

all viral genomes have some covering called what?

A

Capsid or Envelope

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8
Q

Is viral DNA single or double stranded?

A

Viral DNA can be both - single or double stranded

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9
Q

What’s the (+) RNA strand like?

A

mRNA

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10
Q

What’s the (-) RNA strand?

A

A template for (+) RNA strand

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11
Q

Pox

DNA or RNA virus?
Enveloped or nonenveloped virus?

A

Pox is an enveloped DNA virus

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12
Q

Herpes

DNA or RNA virus?
Enveloped or nonenveloped virus?
Single or double stranded?

A

Herpes is an enveloped DNA virus.

Double stranded.

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13
Q

Hepadma

DNA or RNA virus?
Enveloped or nonenveloped virus?
Double or single strand?

A

Hepadma is an enveloped DNA virus.

Double stranded.

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14
Q

Polyoma

DNA or RNA virus?
Enveloped or nonenveloped virus?
Single or double stranded?

A

Polyoma is a non enveloped DNA virus.

Double stranded.

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15
Q

Papilloma

DNA or RNA Virus?
Enveloped or nonenveloped virus?

A

Papilloma is a non enveloped DNA virus.

Double stranded.

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16
Q

Adeno

DNA or RNA Virus?
Enveloped or nonenveloped virus?

A

Adeno is a non enveloped DNA virus.

Double stranded.

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17
Q

Parvo

DNA or RNA Virus?
Enveloped or nonenveloped virus?
Single or double stranded?

A

Parvo is a nonenveloped DNA virus.

Single stranded. (SS)

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18
Q

Negative RNA is enveloped or noneveloped?

A

Negative RNA is always enveloped.

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19
Q

Can all viruses enter all cells?

A

No, viruses are specific for certain types of cells.

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20
Q

Types of viral entry into the cell

A
  1. Fusion (enveloped)

2. Endocytosis

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21
Q

What types of viruses use endocytosis to enter the cell?

A

Enveloped and nonenveloped viruses can enter a call via endocytosis, although it changes slightly.

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22
Q

Process for fusion cell entry (enveloped)

A
  1. Virus spikes bind to the receptors on the surface of host cells
  2. Lipid bilayer of viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane
  3. Nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm
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23
Q

Process for endocytosis (enveloped)

A
  1. Viral envelope spikes bind to the receptors, tricking it to think it’s an important carbon)
  2. Binding to the receptor triggers receptor mediated endocytosis
  3. Increased acidity allows nucleocapsid to escape from the endosome and enter the cytoplasm.
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24
Q

Process of bacteriophage “life cycle” via lytic pathway

A
  1. virus injects DNA or RNA into the cell (spider looking virus)
  2. replicates virus genomes
  3. busts out of the cell via lysis
  4. Viruses have then replicated and go to infect other host cells to do the same process
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25
Q

Process of bacteriophage “life cycle” via lysogenic pathway

A
  1. virus injects DNA or RNA into the cell (spider looking virus)
  2. hijacks cells DNA and replication process
  3. Completes cell division and host cell keeps living

(Ticking time bomb as if anything attacks the cell, the virus resorts back to the lytic pathway where cell explodes and newly replicated viruses attack other cells)

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26
Q

What are the two types of life cycles for the bacteriophage?

A
  1. Lytic Pathway

2. Lysogenic Pathway

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27
Q

Who discovered the first virus and when?

A

Walter Reed in 1901

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28
Q

What are two examples viruses are used for good?

A
  1. strengthen disease resistance crops

2. HIV helping with cancer treatments

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29
Q

What’s the theory many scientists agree with?

A

Millions of years ago, viruses helped form the first cell nucleus when trying to infect a bacterium.

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30
Q

Viruses consist of what?

A

RNA or DNA and a protein coat

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31
Q

How do virus’ reproduce?

A

Inserting DNA into a host cell

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32
Q

Retroviruses are different from regular viruses because they:

A

Have RNA instead of DNA

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33
Q

Vaccines can be used to prevent viral infection by what?

A

Creating an immune response in the host

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34
Q

Why do some viruses seem to go away and come back, like a cold sore?

A

The virus has entered the lysogenic cycle

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35
Q

Why is it more difficult to create a vaccine for retroviruses?

A

RNA mutates more frequently than DNA

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36
Q

What happens after the virus has been taken up by the cell?

A

It inserts into the host DNA

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37
Q

True or False: Some viruses have single stranded RNA genomes

A

True

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38
Q

True or False: Viruses are living

A

False

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39
Q

An individual virus is called a particle or a what?

A

Virion

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40
Q

Which of the following is not a form of viral entry?

  • Fusion of enveloped virus
  • Fusion of naked virus
  • Endocytosis of naked virus
  • Endocytosis of enveloped virus
A

Fusion of naked virus

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41
Q

Poliovirus and coronavirus have a _____ genome.

A

+ RNA

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42
Q

What body site is typically the first to be colonized by microbes after birth?

A

Skin

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43
Q

True or False: Bacteria do not normally inhabit the epidermis.

A

True

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44
Q

True or False: Reverse Transcriptase can degrade DNA.

A

False

45
Q

The colon lacks oxygen, therefore it is an ______ environment.

A

Apoxic

46
Q

Mechanisms of tissue specificity in microbes include tissue tropism, specific adherence, and _________.

A

Biofilm formation

47
Q

Name a body site that is normally sterile.

A

Heart

48
Q

What enzyme is required by viruses to make RNA from RNA?

A

RNA Replicase

49
Q

What type of template is needed to make a -RNA genome?

A

+ RNA

50
Q

This is a -RNA virus with a naked capsule. What is the virus type and what’s an example?

A

Picornaviruses.

poliovirus, Hepatitis A, Rhinovirus

51
Q

This is a -RNA virus that is enveloped. What is the virus type and what’s an example?

A

Coronaviruses.

SARS

52
Q

In poliovirus replication, RNA replicase can create _____ and ______ RNA.

A

+ and -

53
Q

This is a - strand RNA virus in animals that is enveloped. What is it and what’s an example?

A
  1. Rhabdoviruses (Rabies Virus)
  2. Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza)
  3. Ebola Virus
54
Q

How does influenza bring viral proteins into host cell?

A

RNA replicase, RNA endonuclease, steals RNA cap from host RNA and tricks it into producing its RNA.

55
Q

What virus types are referred to as the common cold?

A

Adenoviruses.

56
Q

Upon cell entry, this virus type is in the lysosome.

A

Reoviruses

57
Q

Retrovirsues bring what with them?

A

They bring their own mRNA

58
Q

Retroviruses

A
  • enveloped virus with 2 copies of RNA genome and specific enzymes for reverse transcriptase
  • bring their own mRNA
  • retroviruses are proviruses and can remain latent in host chromosome until they get the right signal
59
Q

Reverse Transcriptase phases

A
  1. Reverse transcription ( DNA - RNA)
  2. Synthesis of DNA from DNA template
  3. RNase H activity - degrades RNA of DNA hybrid
60
Q

normal microbial flora is found where?

A

nose, throat, eyes, mouth, skin, large intestine, urinary and genital systems (urethra and vagine)

61
Q

What determines normal flora?

A

ph, temperature, oxygen, water, and nutrient levels are main factors determining composition of the normal flora

62
Q

When does colonization of microbes start?

A

At birth and the skin is normally the first site to be colonized.

63
Q

mixture of organisms regularly found on surface tissues

A

normal microbial flora

64
Q

Where are most microbes on the skin located?

A

apocrine sweat glands and hair follicles

65
Q

What are common microbes found on the skin?

A
  1. Streptococcus
  2. Staphylococcus
  3. Corynebacterium
  4. Propionibacterium
66
Q

What type of gram stained bacteria thrive in a dry environment like skin?

A

Gram positive bacteria

67
Q

What type of normal flora is located in the conjuctiva (white part of eyes)?

A
  1. Staphylococcus epidermidis

2. Propionibacterium acnes

68
Q

What type of microbe usually results in dental plaque?

A

streptococci

69
Q

normal flora of gastrointestinal tract

A

helicobacter pylon (gram negative) and can make ulcers

70
Q

normal flora of respiratory tract

A

staphylococcus epidermiditis

cornybacteria

71
Q

True or fasle: the sinuses and lower respiratory tract should be sterile.

A

true

72
Q

normal flora of urethra

A

staph. epidermidis

entococcus faecalis

73
Q

beneficial effects of normal flora according to mouse study

A 
increase in vitamins
prevent pathogen colonization 
increase immune system 
increased natural antibodies 
stimulated development of certain tissues
74
Q

What are the harmful effects of normal flora?

A
  1. bacterial synergism (cross feeding between microbes)
  2. competition for nutrients (could deplete host of nutrients)
  3. agents of disease (opportunistic pathogens)
75
Q

Babies born via c-section are more likely to have what?

A

leukemia, asthma, and immune diseases

76
Q

How long does it take for a newborn to develop normal microbial flora?

A

2 years

77
Q

Types of bacterial pathogens

A
  1. potential pathogens
  2. opportunistic pathogens
  3. obligate pathogens - will make you sick if exposed
78
Q

mechanisms of bacterial pathogens

A
  1. exposure to pathogens
  2. adherence to skin or mucosa
  3. invasion through epithelium
  4. colonization and growth of virulence factors
79
Q

3 types of toxins

A
  1. exotoxins
  2. enterotoxins
  3. endotoxins
80
Q

toxin proteins released from the pathogen cell as it grows

A

exotoxins

81
Q

toxin that effects the small intestines and tells cells to release fluid into intestinal lumen, resulting in vomiting and diarrhea

A

enterotoxins

82
Q

toxin that tells the lipopolysacchoride (LPS) portion of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria is a toxin
(cell bound)

A

endotoxins

83
Q

True or false: exotoxins do not trigger fever or strong immune system response

A

True

84
Q

toxicity and ___________ can happen at the same time but do not have to

A

invasiveness

85
Q

study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population (public health)

A

epidemiology

86
Q

disease occurs in a high number of the population at the same time

A

epidemic

87
Q

disease is widespread and usually worldwide

A

pandemic

88
Q

when disease is constantly present but at a low incidence (plague in southwest USA)

A

endemic

89
Q

the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a given time period (ex. Kentucky had 1,400 new coronaviruses cases since 4 pm yesterday)

A

incidence

90
Q

total new and existing cases in a population during a given time (example: Kentucky had had a total of 94,000 coronavirus cases since March, 2020)

A

prevalence

91
Q

number of cases observed in an area with previously sporadic cases

A

outbreak

92
Q

person with a subclinical infection that can spread a disease

A

carrier

93
Q

incidence of death in the population

A

mortality

94
Q

incidence of disease in a population

A

morbidity

95
Q

organism invades and grows in a host

A

infection

96
Q

the time between exposure to the disease and appearance of symptoms

A

incubation period

97
Q

when the disease is at its height with symptoms

A

acute period

98
Q

when symptoms start to subside

A

decline period

99
Q

when a patient regains strength and returns to normal after having a disease

A

convalescent period

100
Q

some organisms become __________ and stay with you forever.

A

latent

101
Q

Typhoid Mary was a ___________ for the typhoid fever.

A

Reservoir

102
Q

when an infected person transmits a disease directly to an uninfected host without an intermediate (cold flu, STDs)

A

host to host

103
Q

transmission from person to person via an intermediate

A

indirect host to host

104
Q

living agents of transmission

A

vectors

105
Q

non-living intermediates (surfaces, bedding, toys, etc….)

A

fomites

106
Q

true or false: pathogens that live in soil or non-host environment do not typically evolve to be less virulent

A

True because they do not need a host to survive (cannot be virus, only bacteria)

107
Q

True or false: some pathogens evolve into stronger infectious agents.

A

True

108
Q

You cannot travel internationally and must be treated and quratine in place if you have any of the following diseases.

A

smallpox, cholera, plague, yellow fever, typhoid fever, relapsing fever

109
Q

What does the public health do?

A
  • control the reservoir (immunize or destroy animals)
    (immunize or quarantine infected humans)
  • control transmission
  • immunization (provideas herd immunity)
  • quarantine (until communicable stage is passed)

Microbiology (9 decks)

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