Unit 2 - DNA Replication

Question 1

functional unit of genetic information

Answer 1

Gene

Question 2

central dogma

Answer 2

the established understanding in biology of genetic information flow (DNA - RNA - Proteins)

Question 3

basic units that make up genetic material

Answer 3

nucleotides (phosphate - sugar - phosphate - sugar)

Question 4

which end do we add new nucleotides always

Answer 4

3 ‘ prime carbon

Question 5

what makes up the DNA’s backbone?

Answer 5

phosphodiester bonds (alternating phosates and sugar deoxyribose)

Question 6

is dna single or double stranded?

Answer 6

double

Question 7

guanine always binds to what?

Answer 7

cytosine (G - C) (C-G)

Question 8

cytosine always binds to what?

Answer 8

guanine (C-G)(G-C)

Question 9

adenine always binds to what in DNA?

Answer 9

thymine (A-T)(T-A)

Question 10

adenine always binds to what in RNA?

Answer 10

uracil (A-U)(U-A)

Question 11

G - C has how many hydrogen bonds?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

A - T has how many hydrogen bonds?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

Do viruses have chromosomes?

Answer 13

no because they are not alive, they have genomes

Question 14

chromosome vs. plasmids

Answer 14

chromosome have essential housekeeping genes with double stranded DNA, plasmids are circular double stranded and contain beneficial genes for the cell but are not essential (plane boarding pass vs. book to read for enjoyment)

Question 15

viruses have genetic material, not always DNA, sometimes what?

Answer 15

RNA

Question 16

where are bacterial chromosomes located?

Answer 16

nucleoid

Question 17

genes organized in clusters are known as what

Answer 17

operons (like silverware drawers)

Question 18

Binary fission starts when ______ is triggered.

Answer 18

DNA replication

Question 19

when the new chromosome has one dna strand from the parent helix and one new strand

Answer 19

semi-conservative

Question 20

replication always proceeds from the ___ to the ____ end.

Answer 20

5 to the 3 prime end

Question 21

DNA steps in order

Answer 21

1. unwind the helix
2. initiate DNA synthesis with RNA primer
3. Continuous and Discontinuous synthesis of antiparallel DNA strands
4. Concurrent synthesis on leading and lagging strands
5. proofreading and error correction

Question 22

What causes initial DNA unwinding in phase 1 of DNA replication

Answer 22

DnaA binding to the 9mers

Question 23

What opens the DNA helix?

Answer 23

dnaB and DnaC binding after DnaA binding to the 9mers

Question 24

DnaB and DnaC

Answer 24

Helicases

Question 25

this is needed to relax the super coiling from the helix so no damage occurs in DNA replication

Answer 25

DNA gyrase

Question 26

The initiation of RNA primer occurs at what end?

Answer 26

5 prime end

Question 27

primase

Answer 27

generates RNA primer of 10 - 12 nucleotides that DNA pol 3 uses to begin DNA synthesis

Question 28

_____ removes primer after replication fork moves?

Answer 28

DNA pol 1

Question 29

Which strand is continuous?

Answer 29

Leading strand

Question 30

Which strand is discontinuous?

Answer 30

Lagging strand

Question 31

which strand moves in the same direction as the replication fork?

Answer 31

Leading strand (continous)

Question 32

which strand moves in the opposite direction of the replication fork?

Answer 32

lagging strand (discontinuous)

Question 33

short fragments of DNA on lagging strand are called what?

Answer 33

Okazaki strands

Question 34

What does DNA pol 1 do with okazaki fragments?

Answer 34

removes the primers from okazaki fragments via 5 - 3 prime and also fills in the gaps left by primer removal

Question 35

DNA ligase

Answer 35

forms phosphodiester bonds between pieces of DNA and finishes and seals the DNA replication process.

Question 36

when 2 replication forks collide

Answer 36

termination of replication

Question 37

replication

Answer 37

DNA is duplicated

Question 38

transcription

Answer 38

info from DNA is transferred to RNA

Question 39

translation

Answer 39

info from RNA is used to make proteins

Question 40

DNA and RNA differences in sugar

Answer 40

``` DNA = deoxyribose RNA = ribose ```

Question 41

DNA vs. RNA differences in base

Answer 41

``` DNA = thymine (T - A) RNA = uracil (U-A) ```

Question 42

In RNA, adenine binds to what?

Answer 42

Uracil (U-A)(A-U)

Question 43

DNA polymerase makes what and RNA polymerase makes what?

Answer 43

DNA, RNA

Question 44

What does it mean the closer a region is to the consensus sequence in bacterial transcription?

Answer 44

The stronger the interraction with RNA polymerase

Question 45

Does RNA polymerase need a primer in transcription?

Answer 45

No it can start RNA synthesis with only RNA polymerase

Question 46

Transcription is terminated by what?

Answer 46

Stem loop

Question 47

RNA polymerase complex ______ binds to the -10 and -35 sites of the promoter in transcription.

Answer 47

Sigma

Question 48

________ is needed to unwind DNA for replication.

Answer 48

DNA helicase

Question 49

This is where replication starts

Answer 49

oriC (origin of chromosome)