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Microbiology > Unit 2 - DNA Replication > Flashcards

Unit 2 - DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

functional unit of genetic information

A

Gene

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2
Q

central dogma

A

the established understanding in biology of genetic information flow (DNA - RNA - Proteins)

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3
Q

basic units that make up genetic material

A

nucleotides (phosphate - sugar - phosphate - sugar)

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4
Q

which end do we add new nucleotides always

A

3 ‘ prime carbon

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5
Q

what makes up the DNA’s backbone?

A

phosphodiester bonds (alternating phosates and sugar deoxyribose)

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6
Q

is dna single or double stranded?

A

double

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7
Q

guanine always binds to what?

A

cytosine (G - C) (C-G)

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8
Q

cytosine always binds to what?

A

guanine (C-G)(G-C)

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9
Q

adenine always binds to what in DNA?

A

thymine (A-T)(T-A)

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10
Q

adenine always binds to what in RNA?

A

uracil (A-U)(U-A)

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11
Q

G - C has how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3

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12
Q

A - T has how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2

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13
Q

Do viruses have chromosomes?

A

no because they are not alive, they have genomes

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14
Q

chromosome vs. plasmids

A

chromosome have essential housekeeping genes with double stranded DNA, plasmids are circular double stranded and contain beneficial genes for the cell but are not essential (plane boarding pass vs. book to read for enjoyment)

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15
Q

viruses have genetic material, not always DNA, sometimes what?

A

RNA

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16
Q

where are bacterial chromosomes located?

A

nucleoid

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17
Q

genes organized in clusters are known as what

A

operons (like silverware drawers)

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18
Q

Binary fission starts when ______ is triggered.

A

DNA replication

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19
Q

when the new chromosome has one dna strand from the parent helix and one new strand

A

semi-conservative

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20
Q

replication always proceeds from the ___ to the ____ end.

A

5 to the 3 prime end

21
Q

DNA steps in order

A
  1. unwind the helix
  2. initiate DNA synthesis with RNA primer
  3. Continuous and Discontinuous synthesis of antiparallel DNA strands
  4. Concurrent synthesis on leading and lagging strands
  5. proofreading and error correction
22
Q

What causes initial DNA unwinding in phase 1 of DNA replication

A

DnaA binding to the 9mers

23
Q

What opens the DNA helix?

A

dnaB and DnaC binding after DnaA binding to the 9mers

24
Q

DnaB and DnaC

A

Helicases

25
Q

this is needed to relax the super coiling from the helix so no damage occurs in DNA replication

A

DNA gyrase

26
Q

The initiation of RNA primer occurs at what end?

A

5 prime end

27
Q

primase

A

generates RNA primer of 10 - 12 nucleotides that DNA pol 3 uses to begin DNA synthesis

28
Q

_____ removes primer after replication fork moves?

A

DNA pol 1

29
Q

Which strand is continuous?

A

Leading strand

30
Q

Which strand is discontinuous?

A

Lagging strand

31
Q

which strand moves in the same direction as the replication fork?

A

Leading strand (continous)

32
Q

which strand moves in the opposite direction of the replication fork?

A

lagging strand (discontinuous)

33
Q

short fragments of DNA on lagging strand are called what?

A

Okazaki strands

34
Q

What does DNA pol 1 do with okazaki fragments?

A

removes the primers from okazaki fragments via 5 - 3 prime and also fills in the gaps left by primer removal

35
Q

DNA ligase

A

forms phosphodiester bonds between pieces of DNA and finishes and seals the DNA replication process.

36
Q

when 2 replication forks collide

A

termination of replication

37
Q

replication

A

DNA is duplicated

38
Q

transcription

A

info from DNA is transferred to RNA

39
Q

translation

A

info from RNA is used to make proteins

40
Q

DNA and RNA differences in sugar

A 
DNA = deoxyribose 
RNA = ribose
41
Q

DNA vs. RNA differences in base

A 
DNA = thymine (T - A)
RNA = uracil (U-A)
42
Q

In RNA, adenine binds to what?

A

Uracil (U-A)(A-U)

43
Q

DNA polymerase makes what and RNA polymerase makes what?

A

DNA, RNA

44
Q

What does it mean the closer a region is to the consensus sequence in bacterial transcription?

A

The stronger the interraction with RNA polymerase

45
Q

Does RNA polymerase need a primer in transcription?

A

No it can start RNA synthesis with only RNA polymerase

46
Q

Transcription is terminated by what?

A

Stem loop

47
Q

RNA polymerase complex ______ binds to the -10 and -35 sites of the promoter in transcription.

A

Sigma

48
Q

________ is needed to unwind DNA for replication.

A

DNA helicase

49
Q

This is where replication starts

A

oriC (origin of chromosome)

Microbiology (9 decks)

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