Basal Ganglia

Question 1

what are the 5 basal nuclei

Answer 1

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

Question 2

main afferent to basal ganglia are to what

Answer 2

striatum

Question 3

main efferent from basal ganglia are from

Answer 3

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Question 4

what is the direct path

Answer 4

straitum projects to Gpi/SNr

Question 5

what is the indirect path

Answer 5

striatum to globus pallidus external segment
Gpe to subthalamic nuclus or to Gpi/SNr
STN to Gpi/SNr

Question 6

corticostriate projections are what

Answer 6

excitatory

Question 7

what do corticostriate projections release

Answer 7

glutamate

Question 8

where do corticostriate projections release glutamate to

Answer 8

medium spiny neurons in striatum

Question 9

medium spiny neurons of stratum release what

Answer 9

GABA

Question 10

what kind of transmitter is GABA

Answer 10

inhibitory

Question 11

SNC projection to striatum releases what

Answer 11

doapmine

Question 12

what kind of transmitter is dopamine

Answer 12

excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type

Question 13

function of body movement loop

Answer 13

selectively acitivate some movements/suppress others

Question 14

origin of body movement loop

Answer 14

primary motor, premotor and supplementary motor

Question 15

what is the origin of oculomotor loop

Answer 15

frontal eye field and supplementary eye field

Question 16

function of oculomotor loop

Answer 16

control of saccadic eye movements

Question 17

origin of prefrontal loop

Answer 17

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 18

function of prefrontal loop

Answer 18

regulate initiation and termination of cognitive processes such as planning, attention and working memory

Question 19

origin of limbic loop

Answer 19

anterior cingulate and oribtal frontal cortex

Question 20

what does limbic loop include

Answer 20

ventral striatum

Question 21

what is nucleus accumbens involved in

Answer 21

addiction

Question 22

functino of limbic loop

Answer 22

regualte emotional behavior and motivation

Question 23

toureete syndrome is associated with abnormalities where

Answer 23

limbic loop

Question 24

symptoms of parkinson’s

Answer 24

rhythmic tremor
increase muscle toon
abnormal gait
slowness in movement

Question 25

akinesia

Answer 25

lack of movement

Question 26

masked facies

Answer 26

lack normal facial movements

Question 27

festing gait

Answer 27

walk fast due to flexed posture

Question 28

micrographia

Answer 28

small handwriting

Question 29

frozen gait syndrome

Answer 29

unable to start walking or just stop moving forward while walking

Question 30

pathophysiology of parkinsons

Answer 30

degeneration of dopaminergic projection to striatum from substantia nigra, accumulation of alpha-synuclein

Question 31

chorea

Answer 31

involutnary movement

Question 32

symptoms of huntingtons

Answer 32

chorea dementia slow voluntary movemnts

Question 33

pathophysiology for huntingtons

Answer 33

selective loss of GABA/enkephalin projection from striatum to GPe widespread degeneration of striatal neurons loss of cortical neurons

Question 34

hemiballismus

Answer 34

involuntary, violent, flinging movements of a limb while pt is awake

Question 35

hemiballismus on one side of body is often associate with a lesion where

Answer 35

contralteral subthalamic nucleus

Question 36

dyskinesia

Answer 36

involutnary movements

Question 37

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 37

iatrogenic disorder due to long-term treatment with drugs that affect dopamine systems

Question 38

athetosis

Answer 38

slow, writhing movements

Question 39

generally is thalamus excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 39

excitory

Question 40

generally in basal ganglia excitory or inhibioty

Answer 40

inhibotry (except csubthalamic nucleus)

Question 41

general function of globus pallidus

Answer 41

inhibit the thalamus

Question 42

function of putamen

Answer 42

control body

Question 43

function of caudate

Answer 43

body/eye movement control

Question 44

functino of cerebral cortex

Answer 44

excite caudate

Question 45

is caudate exictory or inhibitory

Answer 45

inhbits globus pallidus

Question 46

removing dopamingeric inputs from substantia nigra to caudate and putamen results in

Answer 46

can't start movement

Question 47

what releases acetylcholine

Answer 47

interneurons

Question 48

what drug therapy can you give people with parkinsons

Answer 48

acetycholine antagonists

Question 49

corpus striatum

Answer 49

neostriatum and paleostriatum

Question 50

neostriatum

Answer 50

putamen + caudate nucleus

Question 51

paleostriatum

Answer 51

pallidum