BASIC - LAB 2

Question 1

define sterilization

Answer 1

process that KILLS all viable micro-organisms

Question 2

what is the process that REDUCES the number of viable microorganisms

Answer 2

disinfection

Question 3

what materials are used for disinfection

Answer 3

chlorine, glutaraldehyde, and alcohol - 70% isopropul

Question 4

t or f all materials must be washed and cleaned before serilization and disinfection

Answer 4

t

Question 5

why are preservatives added to pharmaceutical preparations

Answer 5

to prevent microbial growth during the manufacturing process and storage

Question 6

USP chapter ___ defines preservative and describes the procedure for testing antimicrobial effectiveness for various product categories

Answer 6

51

Question 7

_____ selectively interfere with the growth of microorganisms while ideally causing little or no damage to the host and used to treat susceptibe infections

Answer 7

abx

Question 8

why are antibiotic sensitivity tests important

Answer 8

because not all abx are appropriate to use for all infections

Question 9

abx sensitivity testing allows

Answer 9

to choose the appropriate abx for an infection and to detect resistant strains

Question 10

the lowest concentration that inhibits microbial growth is known as

Answer 10

minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 11

the ____ is used to test the sensitivity of the causative bacteria to several abx

Answer 11

kirby bauer sensitivity test

Question 12

explain how the kirby bauer sensitivity test works

Answer 12

a disc is saturated with mic of a abx and placed on a bacterial plate

the sensitivity of the bacteria is determined based on the measured zone of growth inhibition

Question 13

what is the universal first step for classifying bacteria

Answer 13

the gram stain

Question 14

which type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall and retain the primary crystal stain - APPEAR VIOLET

Answer 14

gram POSITIVE

Question 15

what are the characteristics of gram NEGATIVE bacteria

Answer 15

higher lipid content, appear PINK due to restaining with safranin

Question 16

what are examples of basal media

Answer 16

tryptic soy agar and nutrient media

Question 17

what are characteristics of basal media

Answer 17

they contain basic nutrients required for bacterial growth

Question 18

what is enriched media

Answer 18

adding blood, vitamins and other nutritional components to basal meia for FASTIDOUS ORGANISM

Question 19

define fastidious

Answer 19

means that the organism has a specific nutrient requirement for growth that is not present in basal media

Question 20

define differential media

Answer 20

contains additional components used to differentiate between microorganisms

Question 21

what are used in media to distinguish between lactose fermenters adn non fermenters

Answer 21

lactose and pH indicators

Question 22

______ in the presence of pH indicator is used to distinguish between staph aureus and other staphylococci

Answer 22

mannitol fermentation

Question 23

selective media contains components that _____ growth of some microorganisms but not others

Answer 23

suppresses

Question 24

___ and ____ are used for the selective growth of gram negative bacteria

Answer 24

crystal violet , bile salts

Question 25

high concentration of _______ is used for selective staphylococci growth

Answer 25

sodium chloride

Question 26

what are considered selective-differential media?

Answer 26

mannitol salt agar and macconkey agar

Question 27

what selective differential media is used to detext H2S bacteria like shigella and salmonella

Answer 27

hektoen enteric agar

Question 28

what are some methods of sterilization?

Answer 28

heat (autoclaving), filtration, radiation

Question 29

when is sterilization an appropriate method of bacterial control?

Answer 29

contact with sterile body fluids, surgery, and injection

Question 30

when is disinfection an appropriate method of bacterial control?

Answer 30

prevent contaminiation, person to person, prevent baterial transfer, can't completely kill

Question 31

antibiotics are used to ____ microbial growth

Answer 31

prevent and limit

Question 32

why must antimicrobial effectiveness be demonstrated in multi dose formulations

Answer 32

multidose exposed to antibacterial growth more than a single dose

Question 33

how many categories are there for abx product effectiveness?

Answer 33

4

Question 34

what is the product description for category 1

Answer 34

injections, other parenterals including emulsions, otic products, sterile nasal products, and opthalmic products made with aqueous bases or vehicles

Question 35

what is the product description for category 2

Answer 35

topically used products made with aqueous bases or vehicles , nonsterile nasal products, and emulsions including those applied to mucous membranes

Question 36

what is the product descriptio for category 3

Answer 36

oral products other than anatacids made with aqueous bases or vehicles

Question 37

what is the product description for category 4

Answer 37

antacids made with an aqueous base

Question 38

what are the three major bacterial classifications

Answer 38

spore formation, biochemical reactions and serological reactions

Question 39

which bacterial are spherical shaped

Answer 39

staphylococci, streptococci, nesseria

Question 40

which bacteria are rod shaped

Answer 40

bacilli

Question 41

gram positive bacteria are what color under staining

Answer 41

violet

Question 42

gram negative bacteria stain what color

Answer 42

red

Question 43

what kind of bacteria do not stain

Answer 43

mycobacteria

Question 44

why don't acid fast bacteria stain

Answer 44

they have mycolic acid in the outer layer, waxy and can't retain stain

Question 45

how can we get myco bacteria to retain stain

Answer 45

pre treatment with heat or detergent before they will accept a stain

Question 46

what color do acid fast bacteria appear because they resist decolorization

Answer 46

red

Question 47

what are the steps and elements used in gram staining

Answer 47

crystal violent iodine decolorizer like alcohol safranin - counter stain

Question 48

obligate aerobes ____ oxygen for energy production

Answer 48

need

Question 49

what is an example of an obligate aerobe

Answer 49

mycobacterium tb

Question 50

obligate anaerobes ____ grow at atomospheric oxygen concentrations

Answer 50

cannot

Question 51

what are examples of the obligate anaerobes

Answer 51

bacteroides, clostridium

Question 52

what are examples of facultative anaerobes

Answer 52

staphylococcus, streptococcus, e coli

Question 53

certain bacteria have a ___ for special media such as sucross, lactor or mannitol

Answer 53

requirement

Question 54

nutrient broth/agar are used for

Answer 54

routine cultivation of microorganisms

Question 55

t or f all strains of bacteria grow well in nutrient broth and agar

Answer 55

false, some strains may grow poorly or fail to grow

Question 56

blood agar detects

Answer 56

hemolytic activity

Question 57

chocolate agar detects

Answer 57

haemophilus influenza

Question 58

____ bacteria have a complex nutritional requirement and only grow when provided with specific nutrients

Answer 58

fastidious

Question 59

what bacteria utilizes mannitol

Answer 59

staphylococci aureus

Question 60

what bacteria is used for detect e coli and enterobacteria

Answer 60

lactose

Question 61

___ detect pH change as a result of fermentation of carbohydrates

Answer 61

pH indicators

Question 62

____ is utilized by H2s producing bacteria such as enterobacteria, clostridia

Answer 62

sodium thiosulfate

Question 63

___ contains components that suppress growth of some bacteria but not others

Answer 63

selective media

Question 64

______ prevents the growth of gram positive bacteria

Answer 64

crystal violet

Question 65

bile salts prevent the growth of _____ bacteria

Answer 65

positive

Question 66

_____ prevent the growth of gram negative bacteria

Answer 66

high sodium chloride concentrations

Question 67

antibiotics prevents the growth of

Answer 67

susceptible bacteria

Question 68

the zone of inhibition si when there is

Answer 68

no bacterial growth