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Duke Elder Exam Prep > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

What ocular structures are formed from the surface ectoderm?

A 
Lens
Lacrimal gland
Eyelids
Nasolacrimal gland
Conjunctival and corneal epithelium
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2
Q

What ocular structures are derived from the neuroectoderm?

A

Neurosensory retina
Optic nerve
Pupillary sphincter and dilator muscles
Pigment epithelium of the retina, iris and ciliary body

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3
Q

What ocular structures are derived from the neural crest?

A 
Corneal endothelium
Trabecular meshwork
Sclera
Choroid
Ciliary muscle
Stroma of cornea iris and ciliary body
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4
Q

Mesoderm

A

Extraocular muscles
Blood vessels
Sclera (temporal portion)
Schlemm’s canal endothelium

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5
Q

List some autosomal dominant conditions which can affect the eyes/

A 
Congenital cataracts
Best Disease
Marfans syndrome
Von Hippel Lindau
Tuberous sclerosis
Retinitis pigmentosa
Neurofibromatosis
Granular and lattice corneal dystrophies 
Retinoblastoma
Stickler syndrome
Fuchs's Corneal Dystrophy
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6
Q

List some autosomal recessive conditions which can affect the eye:

A

Congenital Glaucoma
Stargardt disease
Oculocutaneous albinism
Retinitis pigmentosa-like conditions

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7
Q

Give some examples of x-linked recessive conditions which affect the eye:

A

Fabry disease
Lowe Syndrome
Ocular albinism
Retinoschisis

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8
Q

Give some examples of x-linked dominant conditions which will affect the eye?

A

Alport syndrome
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Leber Hereditary optic neuropathy

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9
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that contain DNA and ribonucleic acid freely in the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

What is the cell wall of a gram-positive bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan which stains purple

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11
Q

What is the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria made of?

A

Outer cell membrane - stains pink

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12
Q

List the main characteristics of bacteria:

A 
Cell wall 
Cell membrane
Flagella
Pili
Plasmids
Exo and endo toxins
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the pili?

A

It transfers DNA between bacteria

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14
Q

What feature of a bacterium is thought to be responsible for antibiotic resistance?

A

Plasmids

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15
Q

List some examples of aerobic, gram positive cocci:

A

Staphylococcus aureus - coag +ve

Staphylococcus epidermidis coag -ve

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16
Q

List some examples of anaerobic gram positive cocci:

A

Streptococcus (chains)

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17
Q

List examples of aerobic gram negative cocci:

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Neisseria Meningitides

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18
Q

List some examples of aerobic gram positive bacilli:

A

Bacillus Cereus (Spore forming)

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19
Q

List some examples of anaerobic gram positive bacilli:

A

Clostridium - spore forming
Propionibacterium acne - non spore forming
Actinomyces israelii - filamentous

20
Q

List some examples of aerobic gram negative bacilli:

A

Haemophilus influenza

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

21
Q

List some examples of anaerobic gram negative bacilli:

A

Campylobacter

22
Q

What is the name of an acid fast bacilli which is aerobic but does not allow a gram stain

A

Mycobacteria

23
Q

What test is used instead for mycobacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neilson Stain

24
Q

Give the name of the bacterium which is an obligate intracellular bacteria existing n the form of either their elementary or reticular bodies?

A

Chlamydia

25
Q

What are yeast’s classified as?

A

Unicellular microorganisms

26
Q

What are the 3 classifications of fungi?

A

Yeasts
Dimorphic
Filamentous

27
Q

Give an example of a filamentous fungi?

A

Aspergillus

fusarium

28
Q

Give an example of a yeast:

A

Candida albicans

29
Q

Give an example of a dimorphic fungi:

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

30
Q

Give some examples of DNA viruses:

A

HSV
Varicella-Zoster
CMV
EBV

31
Q

Give some examples of RNA viruses:

A

HIV
Measles
Mumps
Rubella

32
Q

What antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Vancomycin

33
Q

What medications work by inhibiting cell membrane function?

A

Antifungals e.g. imidazole’s, amphotericin etc

34
Q

What medications work by inhibiting protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol

35
Q

What medications work by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Fluoroquinolones

metronidazole

36
Q

What molecules are responsible for the recruitment and proliferation of the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

Cytokines

37
Q

Give some examples of cytokines:

A

Interleukins
Tumour necrosis factor
chemokines
interferon

38
Q

What cells produce TNF?

A

Macrophages

39
Q

What is the role of IL-1?

A

Induces the immune response and causes fever

40
Q

What is the role of Il-2?

A

Proliferation of T and B cells

41
Q

What is the role of Il-5 ?

A

REgulates growth and activation of eosinophils

42
Q

What is the role of IL-6?

A

Involved in the differentiation of B cells and production of CRP

43
Q

What is the role of IL-8

A

Attracts neutrophils T cells basophils and eosinophils

44
Q

What is the role of Il-10

A

Suppresses immune cells

45
Q

What is the role of Il-12?

A

Differentiates T cells into TH1 and enhances cytotoxicity

Duke Elder Exam Prep (18 decks)

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