Basic Science of Pyschosis

Question 1

What is Grandiose delusion?

Answer 1

Delusions that they are superior to others lol trump and the tories

Question 2

What are ideas of reference?

Answer 2

Idea that everything a person perceives is about them and their destiny

Question 3

What are paranoid delusions?

Answer 3

False belief that everyone is against them (people talking in the corner, must be about me)

Question 4

What are auditory hallucinations?

Answer 4

Hearing voices etc

Question 5

What is loosening of associations?

Answer 5

Also known as Knights move thinking, frame of reference shifts from one sentence to the next

Question 6

What are nihilistic delusions?

Answer 6

Belief that nothing really exists

Question 7

What is flight of ideas?

Answer 7

A rapid shifting of ideas with only superficial connections between them

Question 8

What are visual hallucinations?

Answer 8

Seeing things

Question 9

What are functional hallucinations?

Answer 9

Experienced when the patient has a similar stimuli, e.g. auditory hallucinations when hearing running water

Question 10

What is gustatory hallucination?

Answer 10

Hallucination of taste

Question 11

What is passivity of thought?

Answer 11

Feeling of being controlled by some external force

Question 12

What is thought insertion?

Answer 12

Someone is putting thoughts in my head

Question 13

What is mind reading?

Answer 13

Belief they can read others thoughts

Question 14

What is formal thought disorder?

Answer 14

Disorganised thinking

includes derailment, poverty of speech, tangentiality, illogicality, perseveration neologism and thought blocking

Question 15

What is thought broadcasting?

Answer 15

Belief that others can read your thougths

Question 16

What is the heritability of schizophrenia/psychosis?

Answer 16

78%?

Question 17

What are risk factors for psychosis?

Answer 17

2nd trimester viral illness

Obstetric problems such as; pre-eclampsia, fetal hypoxia, emergency caesarian section

Question 18

What increases the risk of schizophrenia by 50%?

Answer 18

Childhood viral CNS infection

Question 19

What happens to the brain in schizophrenia?

Answer 19

Reduced Frontal lobe volume
Reduced Frontal lobe grey matter
Enlarged lateral ventricle volume

Question 20

Where do patients with Schizophrenia have consistent volumetric reductions?

Answer 20

Temporal cortex - esp. superior temporal gyrus

Medial temporal lobe - esp. hippocampus

Question 21

Where do patients with schizophrenia have variable volumetric reductions?

Answer 21

Oribitofrontal cortex

Parietal cortex, basal ganglia

Question 22

What causes the loss of grey matter in Schizophrenia?

Answer 22

Reduced arborisation, not neuron loss.

Question 23

In schizophrenia, when is grey matter reduction likely to be progressive?

Answer 23

In initial years of the illness

Question 24

What is a popular way of investigating the brains white matter?

Answer 24

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 25

What are the two more common measurements from Diffusion Tensor Imaging?

Answer 25

``` Fractional anisotropy (FA) - high numbers = healthy white matter tracts Mean diffusivity (MD) - high numbers = less healthy white matter tracts ```

Question 26

What DTI results are generally found in Schizophrenia?

Answer 26

Reduced FA and Increased MD

Question 27

What may be the cause of the anisotropy abnormalities?

Answer 27

Myelin abnormalities

Question 28

Is there disruption of the cerbral cortical cytoarchitecture?

Answer 28

Yes in the enterohinal cortex

Question 29

What drug can make schizophrenia symptoms worse?

Answer 29

Amphetamine

Question 30

What is schizophrenia believed to be related to?

Answer 30

Overactivity of dopamine pathways in the brain

Question 31

What is involved in the Nigrostriatal Extrapyramidal motor system?

Answer 31

Dorsal striatum | Substantia nigra

Question 32

What is involved in the Mesolimbic/Cortical motivation and reward systems?

Answer 32

``` Ventral tegmental area Frontal cortex Nucleus accumbens Amygdala Hippocampus ```

Question 33

What do the D1 receptors (D1 and D5) stimulate?

Answer 33

cAMP

Question 34

Describe the D2 receptors (D2, D3, D4)?

Answer 34

Inhibit Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibit voltage gated-activated Ca2+ channels Open K+ channels

Question 35

Where is the receptor D1 and what are the agonist/antagonist for it?

Answer 35

Agonist- SKF82958 Antagonist- SCH23390 Region- Neostriatum, Cerebral cortex, Olfactory tubercle, nucleus accembens

Question 36

Describe the D2 receptor?

Answer 36

Agonist- Bromocriptine Antag- raclopride, haloperidol Region- Neostriatum, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens

Question 37

Describe the D3 receptor?

Answer 37

Agonist- quinpirole, 7OH-DPAT Antag- Raclopride Region- Nucleus accumbens,island of Calleja

Question 38

Describe the D4 receptor?

Answer 38

Agonist - NONE Antag- Clozapine Region- Midbrain, amygdala

Question 39

Describe the D5 receptor?

Answer 39

Agonist- SKF38393 Antag- SCH23390 Region- Hippocampus, hypothalamus

Question 40

Where are the D1 and D2 receptors also found?

Answer 40

In limbic and striatal areas.