Behavioral Science/Stats

Question 1

Study type that establishes prevalence

Answer 1

Cross-sectional

Question 2

Case-control study measure?

Answer 2

Odds ratio (What was “odd” about their history?)

Question 3

Case-control study design?

Answer 3

People with disease v. people without disease. Looking for prior exposure or a RF

Question 4

Cohort study measure?

Answer 4

Relative risk (Increased risk for disease)

Question 5

Cohort study design?

Answer 5

People with exposure v. people without exposure

Question 6

Twin concordance study design?

Answer 6

Frequency of disease between twins

Question 7

Pharm phase I asks?

Answer 7

Is it safe? Safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics

Question 8

Pharm phase II asks?

Answer 8

Does it work? Efficacy, dosing, AE’s

Question 9

Pharm phase III asks?

Answer 9

Is it as good or better?

Question 10

Pharm phase IV asks?

Answer 10

Can it stay? Post-marketing surveillance

Question 11

Sensitivity =

Answer 11

TP / (TP + FN) = Pr (T+|D+)

Question 12

Specificity =

Answer 12

TN / (TN + FP) = Pr (T-|D-)

Question 13

PPV =

Answer 13

Pr (D+|T+) = TP / (TP + FP)

Question 14

NPV =

Answer 14

Pr (D-|T-) = TN / (TN + FN)

Question 15

Prevalence is related to incidence how?

Answer 15

Prevalence is approx incidence rate x avg disease duration

Question 16

Incidence rate =

Answer 16

of new cases in specified time period / population at risk during same time period

Question 17

Odds and Probability related how?

Answer 17

Odds = Pr / (1-Pr) ; Pr = O / (1 + O)

Question 18

What parameters are only dependent on the test itself?

Answer 18

Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio

Question 19

Odds ratio and relative risk?

Answer 19

OR = (a/b) / (c/d) = ad/bc; RR = [a / (a+b)] / [c (c+d)]

Question 20

RRR =

Answer 20

1 - RR

Question 21

Difference between effect modification and confounding bias?

Answer 21

Effect modification is something to be studied; Present when effect of the main exposure is modified by presence of another variable.

Question 22

Power

Answer 22

= 1 - Beta; Beta = Pr(type II error) = Pr of rejecting null hypothesis when it is truly false = Pr difference when there IS one = Maximize for clinical trials!

Question 23

Type 1 v. type 2 error

Answer 23

1st and foremost, making something out to be when there isn’t anything. (Rejecting H0 when it is true). 2nd, saying nothing when there is (Fail to reject, when H0 is false)

Question 24

Berkson’s bias

Answer 24

Selection bias - selecting hospitalized patients as the control

Question 25

Hawthorne effect

Answer 25

The tendency for a study population to affect an outcome due to the knowledge of being study. e.g. behavioral studies

Question 26

Pygmalion effect

Answer 26

Researcher's beliefs in efficacy of treatment potentially affecting the outcome

Question 27

Number needed to harm?

Answer 27

1/AR

Question 28

Precision vs. accuracy?

Answer 28

Accuracy has to do with close to REAL number. Precision has to do with ability to REPRODUCE a result

Question 29

Lead-time bias vs. recall bias?

Answer 29

Lead-time bias occurs when the early detection of a condition is interpreted as increased survival. Recall bias is when awareness of the condition leads to increased recall (e.g. retrospective studies)

Question 30

Observer-expectancy bias?

Answer 30

The Pygmalion effect - researcher's belief in efficacy changes outcome of treatment

Question 31

Standard deviation vs. standard error of the mean?

Answer 31

SD is variability from mean of a set of values. Standard error is variability between sample mean and true population mean. SEM = SD / sqroot(n)

Question 32

Positive vs. negative skew?

Answer 32

Skewed is tail. Positive tail is long. Negative skew has longer negative tail.

Question 33

What is statistical power?

Answer 33

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis WHEN IT IS FALSE = 1-Type II error (Beta = false-negative)

Question 34

Primary vs. secondary disease prevention?

Answer 34

Preventing disease occurrence and screening for EARLY disease

Question 35

Tertiary vs. quaternary disease prevention?

Answer 35

Tertiary screening is treating to reduce disability 2/2 disase. Quaternary is ID'ing patients at risk from unnecessary treatment.

Question 36

What things can children get treatment for without parental consent?

Answer 36

Contraception, STDs, pregnancy, drugs, emergency/trauma

Question 37

Priority of surrogate decision making?

Answer 37

Spouse, adult children, parents, adult siblings, other relatives.

Question 38

APGAR stands for?

Answer 38

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration.

Question 39

When should you be worried about APGAR?

Answer 39

4-6 = assist and stimulate. < 4 = resuscitate

Question 40

Definition of low birth weight?

Answer 40

<2500 g

Question 41

Number of words by age 2?

Answer 41

200. 2-word sentences

Question 42

Number of words by age 3?

Answer 42

1000. Complete sentences

Question 43

When should a kid be able to kick a ball?

Answer 43

Age 2

Question 44

When does a kid form core gender identity?

Answer 44

Age 3

Question 45

When does a kid hop on one foot?

Answer 45

Age 4

Question 46

When does a kid have cooperative play and have imaginary friends?

Answer 46

Age 4

Question 47

when does a kid have stranger anxiety vs. separation anxiety?

Answer 47

6 mo and 9 mo

Question 48

When does a kid lift up head while prone?

Answer 48

1 mo

Question 49

When does a kid lose the moro reflex?

Answer 49

3 mo

Question 50

When does a kid lose the Babinski reflex?

Answer 50

12 months

Question 51

When does a kid lose the palmar reflex?

Answer 51

6 months

Question 52

When does a kid pass toys from one hand to the other?

Answer 52

6 months

Question 53

When does a kid point to objections?

Answer 53

12 months

Question 54

When does a kid lose rooting reflex?

Answer 54

4 months

Question 55

Schizoaffective disorder

Answer 55

Requires psychosis W/o mood symptoms for at least 2 weeks.

Question 56

Big difference between anorexia and bulimia?

Answer 56

Bulimics maintain their body weight and don't have amenorrhea, osteoporosis, emaciation

Question 57

How to determine if something is a confounding variable?

Answer 57

Stratify your analysis with the confounder to see if there are still an effect of the exposure onto the outcome.