Benedict oral cancer and OPMD Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is a neoplasm
- Abnormal and excessive new growth of cells
- Arises spontaneously
- Proceeds irrespective or potential stimuli
Describe benign neoplasms
- slower growth
- cells similar to normal
- mat be encapsulated
- compresses normal tissues
- remains localised
Describe malignant neoplasms
- more rapid growth
- cells not similar to normal
- often non-encapsulated
- invades normal tissues
- spreads throughout the body (metastasis
Describe benign oral epithelial neoplasms
epithelial
- papilloma: surface epithelium
- Adenoma: glandular
connective tissue
- fibroma: fibrous connective tissue
- lipoma: fat
- osteoma: bone
What are some papillomas
- squamous papilloma
- verruca vulgaris
cauliflower like, finger projection
What suffix usually indicates a benign tumor?
-oma
Describe epithelial malignant oral neoplasms
Carcinoma
- squamous cell carcinoma (surface epithelium)
- adenocarcinoma (glandular)
Describe connective tissue malignant oral neoplasms
Sarcoma
- fibrosarcoma: fibrous connective tissue
- liposarcoma: fat
- osteosarcoma: bone
Describe oral squamous cell carcinoma
An invasive epithelial neoplasm with varying degrees of squamous differentiation and a propensity to early and extensive lymph node metastases
When and in who is oral squamous cell carcinoma most likely to appear
- 40+
- whites>maori
- M>F???
Where does OSCC occur
- Lateral tongue then FoM
- In whites, lower lip then tongue then FoM
What is the aetiology of OSCC
- radiation
- tobacco use
- betel nut
- alcohol
- nutritional deficiencies
- viruses (HPV)
- candidosis
- immunosupression
Describe carcinogenesis
- abberation of normal regulatory genes
- multistep process
- initiation, promotion, progression
Describe how carcinogens work
carcinogens are metabolised and either excreted, or they damage DNA. This DNA is either repaired, or if not it can cause mutation, deletion, or amplification.
What about a lesion may indicate SSC?
irregular border
Describe OSSC staging
- TNM system
- tumor: primary tumor size
- nodes: cervical metastasis
- metastasis: distant metastasis
Staged 1-4
5yr survival
1-85%
2-65%
3-40%
4-10%
Describe development of SSC
- usually evolves from benign oral neoplasms
- most of these go through a potentially malignant or precancerous phase before they invade and become malignant
list 8 oral potentially malignant disorders
- Leukoplakia
- erythroplakia
- palatal lesions in reverse smokers
- oral submucous fibrosis
- actinic keratosis
- lichen planus
- discoid lupus erythmatosus
- hereditary disorders w/ increased risk
describe diagnosis of leukoplakia
elimination- only when all other known disorders or diseases with no increased risk of cancer have been ruled out
Describe the two types of leukoplakia
Homogenous (90%)
- flat, corrugates, wrinkled, pumice-like
- low risk of transformation (5%)
Non-homogenous (10%)
- verrucous, nodular, ulcerated, erythroplakia
- higher risk of transformation (30%)
Describe erythroplakia
- red, cannot be characterised clinically or pathologically as any other definable lesion
- high risk of malignant transformation (30%)
What is a reverse smoker and what does this cause
people who smoke with the lit end in their mouth-causes palatal lesions
How to predict behaviour of a lesion
-clinical exam
- biopsy to assess presence or absence of dysplasia
Describe assessment of lesion colour
- risk of transformation increases with redness
- association with candidal infection?? has many appearances-take a swab
