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BHAKTI-SUFI TRADITIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

TERM GREAT AND LITTLE TRADITIONS WERE COINED BY______ TO DESCRIBE________.

A

ROBERT REDFIELD TO DESCRIBE THE CULTURAL PRACTICES OF PEASANT SOCIETIES.

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2
Q

MARICHI IS A________ GODDESS (RELIGION)?

A

BUDDHIST.

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3
Q

SCULPTURE OF MARICHI (c. TENTH CENTURY) IS FOUND IN WHICH STATE?

A

BIHAR.

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4
Q

MARICHI IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE PROCESS OF_______.

A

INTEGRATION OF TWO DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES.

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5
Q

TANTRIC PRACTICES WERE OPEN TO WOMEN AND MEN, AND PRACTITIONERS OFTEN IGNORED DIFFERENCES OF CASTE AND CLASS WITHIN THE RITUAL CONTEXT.
MANY OF THESE IDEAS INFLUENCED ________ AS WELL AS ________.

A

SHAIVISM AND BUDDHISM.

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6
Q

TANTRIC PRACTICES UPHELD THE AUTHORITY OF VEDAS.
TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE. THEY FREQUENTLY IGNORED THE AUTHORITY OF THE VEDAS.

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7
Q

CATEGORIES OF BHAKTI TRADITIONS?

A
  1. SAGUNA (WITH ATTRIBUTES)- WORSHIP OR SHIVA, VISHNU AND HIS AVATARS ETC, ALL OFTEN CONCEPTUALIZED IN ANTHROPOMORPHIC FORMS.
  2. NIRGUNA BHAKTI- WORSHIP OF AN ABSTRACT FORM OF GOD.
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8
Q

WHO ARE CHATURVEDINS?

A

BRAHMANAS VERSED IN THE FOUR VEDAS.

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9
Q

THE CHATURVEDIN AND THE OUTCASTE IS AN EXCERPT FROM A COMPOSITION OF AN______ NAMED_________, WHO WAS A BRAHMANA.

A

ALVAR, TONDARADIPPODI.

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10
Q

ALVARS AND NAYANARS CLAIMED THAT THEIR COMPOSITIONS WERE AS IMPORTANT AS THE VEDAS.
TRUE/FALSE.

A

TRUE.

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11
Q

ONE OF THE MAJOR ANTHOLOGIES OF COMPOSITIONS BY THE ALVARS, THE ________, WAS FREQUENTLY DESCRIBED AS THE TAMIL VEDA, THUS CLAIMING THAT THE TEXT WAS AS SIGNIFICANT AS THE FOUR VEDAS IN SANSKRIT THAT WERE CHERISHED BY THE BRAHMANAS.

A

NALAYIRA DIVYAPRABANDHAM (FOUR THOUSAND SACRED COMPOSITIONS).

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12
Q

________, A DEVOTEE OF SHIVA, ADOPTED THE PATH OF EXTREME ASCETICISM IN ORDER TO ATTAIN HER GOAL.

A

KARAIKKAL AMMAIYAR.

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13
Q
  1. WOMEN ALVARS AND NAYANARS RENOUNCED THEIR SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS.
  2. THEY JOINED AN ALTERNATIVE ORDER OR BECOME NUNS.
  3. THEIR VERY EXISTENCE AND THEIR COMPOSITIONS POSED A CHALLENGE TO PATRIARCHAL NORMS.
    TRUE/ FALSE
A
  1. TRUE.
  2. FALSE. THEY DID NOT JOIN AN ALTERNATIVE ORDER OR BECOME NUNS.
  3. TRUE.
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14
Q

THE POEMS OF ______,______&_______ FORM TEVARAM.

A

APPAR, SAMBANDAR AND SUNDARAR.

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15
Q

MAJOR THEMES IN TAMIL BHAKTI HYMNS IS THE POETS’ OPPOSITION TO _______ AND_______.
THIS IS PARTICULARLY MARKED IN THE COMPOSITIONS OF_______.

A

BUDDHISM AND JAINISM.
NAYANARS.

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16
Q

SHIVA TEMPLES INCLUDING THOSE AT CHIDAMBARAN, THANJAVUR AND GANGAIKONDACHOLAPURAM WERE CONSTRUCTED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF WHICH RULERS (DYNASTY)?

A

CHOLA RULERS.
THEY SUPPORTED BRAHMANICAL AND BHAKTI TRADITIONS, MAKING LAND GRANTS AND CONSTRUCTING TEMPLES FOR VISHNU AND SHIVA.

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17
Q

BOTH NAYANARS AND ALVARS WERE REVERED BY_______ PEASANTS.
RULERS TRIED TO WIN THEIR SUPPORT AS WELL.

A

VELLALA.

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18
Q

CHOLA RULER _______ HAD CONSECRATED METAL IMAGES OF APPAR, SAMBANDAR AND SUNDARAR IN A SHIVA TEMPLE.

A

PARANTAKA 1.

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19
Q

BASAVANNA (1106-68)- WAS A MINISTER IN THE COURT OF?

A

KALACHURI RULER.

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20
Q

BASAVANNA’S FOLLOWERS WERE KNOWN AS?

A

VIRASHAIVAS (HEROES OF SHIVA) OR LINGAYATS (WEARERS OF LINGA).

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21
Q

WHO ARE JANGAMA?

A

JANGAMA OR WANDERING MONKS.
1. ARE SHAIVA ORDER OF RELIGIOUS MONKS.
2. ARE CONSIDERED AS MOVABLE LINGAS.
3. MEN USUALLY WEAR A SMALL LINGA IN A SILVER CASE ON A LOOP STRUNG OVER THE LEFT SHOULDER.

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22
Q

WHY DO LINGAYATS DO NOT PRACTICE FUNERARY RITES SUCH AS CREMATION PRESCRIBED IN THE DHARMASHASTRAS?

A

THEY BELIEVE THAT IN DEATH THE DEVOTEE WILL BE UNITED WITH SHIVA AND WILL NOT RETURN TO THIS WORLD. THEREFORE THEY DO NOT PRACTICE FUNERARY RITES SUCH AS CREMATION, PRESCRIBED IN THE DHARMASHASTRAS.
INSTEAD THEY CEREMONIALLY BURY THEIR DEAD.

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23
Q

LINGAYATS ON CASTE SYSTEM AND PRACTICES OF DHARMASHASTRAS?

A
  1. CHALLENGED THE IDEA OF CASTE AND THE “POLLUTION” ATTRIBUTED TO CERTAIN GROUPS BY BRAHMANAS.
  2. QUESTIONED THE THEORY OF REBIRTH.
  3. ENCOURAGED CERTAIN PRACTICES DISAPPROVED IN THE DHARMASHASTRAS SUCH AS POST PUBERTY MARRIAGE AND THE REMARRIAGE OF WIDOWS.
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24
Q

OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE VIRASHAIVA TRADITION IS DERIVED FROM________ COMPOSED IN______ BY WOMEN AND MEN WHO JOINED THE MOVEMENT.

A

VACHANAS (LITERALLY, SAYINGS).
KANNADA.

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25
MANY IDEAS OF THE TAMIL BHAKTAS ESPECIALLY THE **_VAISHNAVAS_** ARE INCORPORATED WITHIN THE SANSKRIT TRADITION, CULMINATING IN THE COMPOSITION OF ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN PURANAS, THE _________.
BHAGAVATA PURANA.
26
1. NATHS, JOGIS AND SIDDHAS QUESTIONED THE AUTHORITY OF THE VEDAS AND EXPRESSED THEMSELVES IN LANGUAGES SPOKEN BY ORDINARY PEOPLE. 2. BECAUSE OF THEIR POPULARITY THEY TRIED TO WIN THE SUPPORT OF THE RULING ELITES. TRUE/FALSE.
1. TRUE 2. FALSE, INSPITE OF THEIR POPULARITY THESE RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE NOT IN A POSITION TO WIN THE SUPPORT OF THE RULING ELITES.
27
THE COMING OF THE TURKS WHICH CULMINATED IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DELHI SULTANATE UNDERMINED THE POWER OF MANY OF THE RAJPUT STATES AND THE BRAHMANAS WHO WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THESE KINGDOMS. TRUE/ FALSE.
TRUE.
28
SOURCES OF LEGISLATION FOR SHARI'A (THE LAW GOVERNING MUSLIM COMMUNITY).
1. *HADIS*- TRADITIONS OF THE PROPHET INCLUDING A RECORD OF HIS REMEMBERED WORDS AND DEEDS. 2. *QIYAS*- REASONING BY ANALOGY. 3. *IJMA*- CONSENSUS OF THE COMMUNITY.
29
WHAT IS JIZYA?
*ZIMMI*, MEANING PROTECTED (DERIVED FROM THE ARABIC WORD ZIMMA, PROTECTION) DEVELOPED FOR PEOPLE WHO FOLLOWED REVEALED SCRIPTURES, SUCH AS THE JEWS AND CHRISTIANS, AND LIVED UNDER MUSLIM RULERSHIP. THEY PAID A TAX CALLED JIZYA AND GAINED THE RIGHT TO BE PROTECTED BY MUSLIMS. IN INDIA THIS STATUS WAS EXTENDED TO HINDUS AS WELL.
30
SEVERAL MUGHAL RULERS LIKE AKBAR AND AURANGZEB GAVE LAND ENDOWMENTS AND GRANTED TAX EXEMPTIONS TO_____,______,______,_____&_______ RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS AND ALSO EXPRESSED RESPECT AND DEVOTION TOWARDS NON MUSLIM RELIGIOUS LEADERS.
HINDU, JAINA, ZOROASTRIANS, CHRISTIAN AND JEWISH RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.
31
FIVE PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM?
1. *SHAHADA*- THERE IS ONE GOD, ALLAH, AND PROPHET MUHAMMAD IS HIS MESSENGER (SHAHADA). 2. *NAMAZ/SALAT*- OFFERING PRAYERS FIVE TIMES A DAY. 3. *ZAKAT*- GIVING ALMS. 4. *SAWM*- FASTING DURING THE MONTH OF RAMZAN. 5. *HAJJ*- PERFORMING THE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA.
32
WORD *GINAN* MEANING?
DERIVED FROM SANSKRIT WORD JNANA, MEANING KNOWLEDGE.
33
TERM KHOJAHS MEAN?
KHOJAHS IS A BRANCH OF ISMAILIS (A SHI'A SECT).
34
THE GINAN WERE TRANSMITTED ORALLY BRUTE BEING RECORDED IN THE KHOJAKI SCRIPT THAT WAS DERIVED FROM THE LOCAL________ USED BY THE LINGUISTICALLY DIVERSE COMMUNITY OF KHOJAHS IN PUNJAB, SIND AND GUJARAT.
LANDA (CLIPPED MERCANTILE SCRIPT).
35
WHAT IS MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE?
IT IS A PRACTICE WHERE WOMEN IN MARRIAGE REMAIN IN THEIR NATAL HOME WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND THE HUSBANDS MAY COME TO STAY WITH THEM. ARAB MUSLIM TRADERS WHO SETTLED ALONG THE MALABAR COAST (KERELA) ADOPTED THE LOCAL LANGUAGE, MALAYALAM. THEY ALSO ADOPTED LOCAL CUSTOMS SUCH AS MATRILINY AND MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE.
36
SOME ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF MOSQUES ARE UNIVERSAL- SUCH AS THEIR ORIENTATION TOWARDS MECCA, EVIDENT IN THE PLACEMENT OF THE *MIHRAB* AND THE *MINBAR*. WHAT DOES MIHRAB AND MINBAR MEANS?
_MIHRAB_ (**PRAYER NICHE**)- IS A SEMICIRCULAR NICHE IN THE WALL OF A MOSQUE THAT INDICATES THE QIBLA. _MINBAR_ (**PULPIT**)- IS A PULPIT (*RAISED STAND*) IN A MOSQUE WHERE THE IMAM (LEADER OF PRAYERS) STAND TO DELIVER SERMONS (KHUTBAH).
37
ATIYA MOSQUE IS LOCATED IN?
BANGLADESH. BUILT WITH BRICK, 1609.
38
THE SHAH HAMADAN MOSQUE IS LOCATED IN?
**SRINAGAR**, ON THE BANKS OF THE JHELUM, IS OFTEN REGARDED AS THE" JEWEL IN THE CROWN" OF ALL THE EXISTING MOSQUES OF KASHMIR BUILT IN 1395. IT IS DECORATED WITH *PAPIER MACHE* (KASHMIRI WOODEN ARCHITECTURE).
39
*MLECHCHHA* IS A TERM USED FOR?
MIGRANT COMMUNITIES. THEY DID NOT OBSERVE THE NORMS OF THE CASTE SOCIETY AND SPOKE LANGUAGES THAT WERE NOT DERIVED FROM THE SANSKRIT.
40
THE WORD USED FOR SUFISM IN ISLAMIC TEXTS IS?
*TASAWWUF*.
41
TERM *SUF*, *SAFA* AND *SUFFA* MEANING?
**SUF**- WOOL **SAFA**- PURITY **SUFFA**- THE PLATFORM OUTSIDE THE PROPHET'S MOSQUE, WHERE A GROUP OF CLOSE FOLLOWERS ASSEMBLED TO LEARN ABOUT THE FAITH.
42
WHEN SHAIKH (PIR OR MURSHID) DIED, HIS TOMB SHRINE (DARGAH) WAS BUILT. THIS ENCOURAGED THE PRACTICE OF *ZIYARAT* TO HIS GRAVE, PARTICULARLY ON HIS DEATH ANNIVERSARY OR *URS*. TERM ZIYARAT AND URS MEANING?
ZIYARAT-PRACTICE OF PILGRIMAGE. IT IS THE USE OF MUSIC AND DANCE INCLUDING MYSTICAL CHANTS. URS- OR MARRIAGE, SIGNIFYING THE UNION OF HIS SOUL WITH GOD.
43
TERM WALI MEANING?
WALI (PLURAL AULIYA) OR FRIEND OF GOD WAS A SUFI WHO CLAIMED PROXIMIRY TO ALLAH, AQUIRING HIS GRACE (BARAKAT) TO PERFORM MIRACLES (KARAMAT).
44
WHY WERE QALANDARS, MADARIS, MALANGS, HAIDARIS, ETC WERE REFERRED TO AS BE-SHARI'A?
BECAUSE OF THEIR DEFIANCE OF THE SHARI'A THEY WERE OFTEN REFERRED TO BE AS BE-SHARI'A, IN CONTRAST TO THE BA-SHARI'A SUFIS WHO COMPLIED WITH IT.
45
JAMA'AT KHANA MEANING?
SHAIKH NIZAMUDDIN'S HOSPICE COMPRISED SEVERAL SMALL ROOMS AND A BIG HALL (JAMA'AT KHANA).
46
SHAIKH MUINUDDIN SIZJI LOCATION OF DARGAH?
AJMER (RAJASTHAN).
47
KHWAJA QUTUBDDIN BAKHTIYAR KAKI LOCATION OF DARGAH?
DELHI.
48
SHAIKH FARIDUDDIN GANJ-I SHAKAR LOCATION OF DARGAH?
AJODHAN (PAKISTAN).
49
SHAIKH NIZAMUDDIN AULIYA LOCATION OF DARGAH?
DELHI.
50
SHAIKH NASIRUDDIN CHIRAGH i LOCATION OF DARGAH?
DELHI.
51
TERM *FUTUH* MEANS?
OPEN KITCHEN (LANGAR), RUN ON FUTUH (UNASKED-FOR CHARITY).
52
SOME VISITORS TO SHAIKH NIZAMUDDIN AULIYA'S HOSPICE INCLUDES?
1. AMIR HASAN SIJZI 2. AMIR KHUSRAU 3. COURT HISTORIAN ZIYAUDDIN BARANI
53
WHICH SAINT IS ALSO KNOWN BY THE NAME GHARIB NAWAZ?
KHWAJA MUINUDDIN CHISHTI AKA GHARIB NAWAZ (COMFORTER OF THE POOR).
54
AMIR KHUSRAU WAS DISCIPLE OF WHICH SAINT?
SHAIKH NIZAMUDDIN AULIYA.
55
THE FIRST SULTAN TO VISIT KHWAJA MUINUDDIN CHISHTI WAS? AND THE EARLIEST CONSTRUCTION TO HOUSE THE TOMB WAS FUNDED BY?
MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ 1ST SULTAN TO VISIT THE SHRINE. EARLIEST CONSTRUCTION TO HOUSE THE TOMB WAS FUNDED IN THE LATE FIFTEENTH CENTURY BY SULTAN GHIYASUDDIN KHALJI OF MALWA.
56
AKBAR VISITED SHAIKH NIZAMUDDIN AULIYA SHRINE MULTIPLE TIMES? TRUE/FALSE
TRUE. HE WENT THERE FOURTEENTH TIMES, SOMETIMES TWO OR THREE TIMES A YEAR.
57
WHICH MUGHAL EMPEROR OFFERED A HUGE CAULDRON TO FACILITATE COOKING FOR PILGRIMS. HE ALSO HAD A MOSQUE CONSTRUCTED WITHIN THE COMPOUND OF THE DARGAH OF SHAIKH MUINUDDIN CHISHTI?
AKBAR IN 1568. AND CAULDRON (DEGH).
58
THE CONFIDANT OF SPIRITS IS WRITTEN BY AND IS DEDICATED TO WHOM?
WRITTEN BY MUGHAL PRINCESS JAHANARA. BIOGRAPHY OF SHAIKH MUINUDDIN CHISHTI. *MUNIS AL ARWAH* (CONFIDANT OF SPIRITS).
59
TERM *SAMA* MEANS?
THE SUFIS REMEMBER GOD EITHER BY RECITING THE ZIKR (THE DIVINE NAMES) OR EVOKING HIS PRESENCE THROUGH SAMA (LITERALLY, "AUDITION") OR PERFORMANCE OF MUSICAL MUSIC. SAMA WAS **INTEGRAL TO THE CHISHTIS**.
60
AMIR KHUSRAU GAVE A UNIQUE FORM TO THE CHISHTI SAMA BY INTRODUCING THE_______.
*QUAL* (ARABIC WORD MEANING SAYING) A HYMN SUNG AT THE OPENING OR CLOSING OF THE QAWWALI.
61
TERM MASNAVIS MEANS?
LONG POEMS.
62
PREM AKHYAN (LOVE STORY) PADMAVAT WAS COMPOSED BY?
MALIK MUHAMMAD JAYASI. STORY REVOLVES AROUND THE ROMANCE OF PADMINI AND RATANSEN, THE KING OF CHITTOR.
63
A DIFFERENT GENRE OF SUFI POETRY WAS COMPOSED AROUND THE TOWN OF_________. THESE WERE SHORT POEMS IN DAKHANI (A VARIANT OF URDU). THESE POEMS WERE PROBABLY SUNG BY WOMEN.
BIJAPUR, KARNATAKA.
64
WERE SUFIS INSPIRED BY THE BHAKTI TRADITIONS?
SOME COMPOSITIONS WERE IN THE FORM OF LURINAMA OR LULLABIES AND SHADINAMA OR WEDDING SONGS. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE SUFIS OF THIS REGION WERE INSPIRED BY THE PRE EXISTING BHAKTI TRADITION OF THE KANNADA VACHANAS OF THE LINGAYATS AND THE MARATHI ABHANGS OF THE SANTS OF PANDHARPUR.
65
TRUE/FALSE 1. MAJOR FEATURE OF THE CHISHTI TRADITION WAS AUSTERITY, INCLUDING MAINTAINING A DISTANCE FROM WORLDLY POWER. 2. THIS MEANS A SITUATION OF ABSOLUTE ISOLATION FROM POLITICAL POWER. 3. THE SUFIS ACCEPTED UNSOLICITED GRANTS AND DONATIONS FROM THE POLITICAL ELITES.
1. TRUE 2. FALSE- THIS WAS BY NO MEANS A SITUATION OF ABSOLUTE ISOLATION FROM POLITICAL POWER. 3. TRUE
66
TERM *AUQAF* AND *INAM* MEANS?
AUQAF- CHARITABLE TRUSTS INAM- TAX FREE LAND
67
WHEN TURKS SET UP THE DELHI SULTANATE, THEY UPON THE INSISTENCE OF THE ULAMAS IMPOSED SHARI'A AS STATE LAW. TRUE/FALSE.
FALSE. THEY RESISTED THE INSISTENCE OF THE ULAMA IN IMPARTING SHARI'A AS THE STATE LAW BECAUSE THEY ANTICIPATED OPPOSITION FROM THEIR SUBJECTS, THE MAJORITY OF WHOM WERE NON MUSLIMS.
68
DISCIPLES OF ________ ADDRESSED HIM AS SULTAN-UL-MASHAIKH (SULTAN AMONGST SHAIKHS).
NIZAMUDDIN AULIYA.
69
THE DARGAH OF _______ (A DIRECT DESCENDANT OF BABA FARID) CONSTRUCTED IN FATEHPUR SIKRI, AKBAR'S CAPITAL, SYMBOLIZED THE BOND BETWEEN THE CHISHTIS AND THE MUGHAL STATE.
SHAIKH SALIM CHISHTI.
70
SULTAN GHIYASUDDIN, WHO AT THAT TIME WAS STILL KNOWN AS _______, CAME TO VISIT SHAIKH FARIDUDDIN.
ULUGH KHAN.
71
THE KABIR BIJAK IS PRESERVED BY THE KABIRPANTH (THE PATH OR SECT OF KABIR) IN _______ AND ELSEWHERE IN_______.
VARANASI AND ELSEWHERE IN UTTAR PRADESH.
72
KABIR GRANTHAVALI IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE _______ IN RAJASTHAN.
DADUPANTH.
73
KABIR BIJAK, KABIR GRANTHAVALI ETC WERE COMPOSED BEFORE THE DEATH OF KABIR. TRUE/FALSE.
FALSE. COMPOSED AFTER HIS DEATH.
74
KABIR'S POEMS HAVE SURVIVED IN SEVERAL LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS, AND SOME ARE COMPOSED IN THE SPECIAL LANGUAGE OF NIRGUNA POETS, THE SANT BHASA. OTHERS KNOWN AS _______ ARE WRITTEN DOWN IN A FORM IN WHICH EVERYDAY MEANINGS ARE INVERTED.
*ULATBANSI* (UPSIDE DOWN SAYINGS).
75
RANGE OF TRADITIONS THAT KABIR DRAW ON TO DESCRIBE THE ULTIMATE REALITY?
1. ISLAM- ALLAH, KHUDA, HAZRAT AND PIR. 2. VEDANTIC TRADITIONS- ALAKH (THE UNSEEN), NIRAKAR (FORMLESS), BRAHMAN, ATMAN ETC. 3. YOGIC TRADITIONS- SHABDA (SOUND) OR SHUNYA (EMPTINESS).
76
TERM ICONOCLASM MEANS?
IT IS THE SOCIAL BELIEF IN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF ICONS AND OTHER IMAGES OR MONUMENTS, MOST FREQUENTLY FOR RELIGIOUS OR POLITICAL REASONS.
77
BABA GURU NANAK DID NOT WISH TO ESTABLISH A NEW RELIGION, BUT AFTER HIS DEATH HIS FOLLOWERS CONSOLIDATED THEIR OWN PRACTICES AND DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES FROM BOTH HINDUS AND MUSLIMS. TRUE/ FALSE.
TRUE.
78
THE HYMNS CALLED GURBANI ARE COMPOSED IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES. TRUE/FALSE.
TRUE.
79
MIRABAI, A RAJPUT PRINCESS FROM MERTA IN MARWAR WAS MARRIED AGAINST HER WISHES TO A PRINCE OF________.
SISODIA CLAN OF MEWAR, RAJASTHAN.
80
1. MIRABAI DID ATTRACT A SECT OR GROUP OF FOLLOWERS. 2. SHE HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS A SOURCE OF INSPIRATION FOR CENTURIES. TRUE/FALSE.
1. FALSE- SHE DID NOT ATTRACT A SECT OR GROUP OF FOLLOWERS. 2. TRUE.
81
TEACHINGS OF SHANKARADEVA ARE KNOWN AS?
BHAGAVATI DHARMA BECAUSE THEY WERE BASED ON THE BHAGAVAD GITA AND THE BHAGAVATA PURANA, FOCUSED ON ABSOLUTE SURRENDER TO THE SUPREME DEITY.
82
MAJOR COMPOSITIONS OF SHANKARADEVA?
KIRTANA GHOSHA.
83
TERM SATRA AND NAAM GHAR MEANS?
SHANKARADEVA ALSO ENCOURAGED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SATRA OR MONASTERIES FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF SPIRITUAL KNOWLEDGE, AND NAAM GHAR OR PRAYER HALLS.
84
WHAT IS *MALFUZAT*, *MAKTUBAT* AND *TAZKIRAS*?
1. MALFUZAT- LITERALLY "UTTERED"; CONVERSATIONS OF SUFI SAINTS. 2. MAKTUBAT- LITERALLY, WRITTEN COLLECTIONS OF LETTERS. 3. TAZKIRAS- LITERALLY, TO MENTION AND MEMORIALIZE.

MEDIEVAL HISTORY (15 decks)

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