THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES

Question 1

ONE OF THE EARLIEST EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF A REGIONAL LANGUAGE IN OFFICIAL RECORDS IN THE SUBCONTINENT?

Answer 1

THE CHERA KINGDOM OF MAHODAYAPURAM WAS ESTABLISHED IN THE NINTH CENTURY IN PRESENT DAY KERELA.
IT IS LIKELY THAT MALAYALAM WAS SPOKEN IN THIS AREA.

Question 2

THE FIRST LITERARY WORKS IN MALAYALAM, DATED TO ABOUT THE TWELFTH CENTURY, ARE DIRECTLY INDEBTED TO SANSKRIT.
TRUE/FALSE.

Answer 2

TRUE.

Question 3

WHAT IS LILATILAKAM?

Answer 3

FOURTEENTH CENTURY TEXT FROM KERELA, DEALING WITH GRAMMAR AND POETICS, WAS COMPOSED IN MANIPRAVALAM- LITERALLY, “DIAMONDS AND CORALS” REFERRING TO THE TWO LANGUAGES, SANSKRIT AND THE REGIONAL LANGUAGES.

Question 4

LANGUAGES USED IN MANIPRAVALAM?

Answer 4

SANSKRIT AND MALAYALAM.

Question 5

IMAGES OF LORD JAGANNATHA (LORD OF THE WORLD) ARE MADE OF STONE.
TRUE/FALSE.

Answer 5

FALSE.
THE LOCAL TRIBAL PEOPLE MAKE THE WOODEN IMAGE OF THE DEITY, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT THE DEITY WAS ORIGINALLY A LOCAL GOD, WHO WAS LATER IDENTIFIED WITH VISHNU.

Question 6

IN TWELFTH CENTURY, ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT RULERS OF THE GANGA DYNASTY, ____________, DECIDED TO ERECT A TEMPLE FOR PURUSHOTTAMA JAGANNATHA AT PURI.

Answer 6

ANANTAVARMAN.

Question 7

IN 1230, KING ___________ DEDICATED HIS KINGDOM TO THE DEITY (LORD JAGANNATH) AND PROCLAIMED HIMSELF AS THE DEPUTY OF THE GOD.

Answer 7

ANANGABHIMA 3.

Question 8

WHY MUGHALS, THE MARATHAS AND THE EAST INDIA COMPANY ATTEMPTED TO GAIN CONTROL OVER THE TEMPLES?

Answer 8

BECAUSE THEY FELT THAT THIS WOULD MAKE THEIR RULE ACCEPTABLE TO THE LOCAL PEOPLE.

Question 9

MEANING OF MINSTRELS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

Answer 9

A PROFESSIONAL ENTERTAINER OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING JUGGLERS, ACROBATS, AND STORYTELLERS; MORE SPECIFICALLY, A SECULAR MUSICIAN, USUALLY AN INSTRUMENTALIST.

Question 10

MEANING OF WORD KATHAK?

Answer 10

TERM KATHAK IS DERIVED FROM KATHA, A WORD USED IN SANSKRIT AND OTHER LANGUAGES FOR STORY.
THE KATHAKS WERE ORIGINALLY A CASTE OF STORY TELLERS IN TEMPLES OF NORTH INDIA, WHO EMBELLISHED THEIR PERFORMANCES WITH GESTURES AND SONGS

Question 11

UNDER THE MUGHAL EMPERORS AND THEIR NOBLES, KATHAK WAS PERFORMED IN THE COURT, WHERE IT AQUIRED ITS PRESENT FEATURES AND DEVELOPED INTO A FORM OF DANCE WITH A DISTINCTIVE STYLE.
TRUE/FALSE.

Answer 11

TRUE.

Question 12

TRADITIONS OR GHARANAS OF KATHAK?

Answer 12

1. RAJASTHAN (JAIPUR)
2. LUCKNOW

Question 13

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF ________, THE LAST NAWAB OF AWADH, KATHAK GREW INTO A MAJOR ART FORM.

Answer 13

WAJID ALI SHAH.

Question 14

KATHAK DANCE AND BRITISH?

Answer 14

KATHAK, WAS VIEWED WITH DISFAVOUR BY MOST BRITISH ADMINISTRATORS IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES.
HOWEVER, IT SURVIVED AND CONTINUED TO BE PERFORMED BY COURTESANS.

Question 15

MUGHAL ARTISTIC TASTES INFLUENCED THE REGIONAL COURTS OF THE DECCAN AND THE RAJPUT COURTS OF RAJASTHAN.
TRUE/FALSE.

Answer 15

TRUE.

Question 16

TERM BASOHLI MEANING?

Answer 16

HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS AROUND THE MODERN STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH IN LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY HAD DEVELOPED A BOLD AND INTENSE STYLE OF MINIATURE PAINTING CALLED BASOHLI.

Question 17

RASAMANJARI WAS WRITTEN BY?

Answer 17

BHANUDATTA.

Question 18

RASAMANJARI IS PAINTED IN WHICH STYLE?

Answer 18

BASOHLI.

Question 19

HOW WAS KANGRA SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOUNDED?

Answer 19

NADIR SHAH’S INVASION AND THE CONQUEST OF DELHI IN 1739 RESULTED IN THE MIGRATION OF MUGHAL ARTISTS TO THE HILLS TO ESCAPE THE UNCERTAINTIES OF THE PLAINS.
HERE THEY FOUND READY PATRONS WHICH LED TO THE FOUNDING OF THE KANGRA SCHOOL OF PAINTING.

Question 20

SOURCE OF INSPIRATION FOR KANGRA SCHOOL OF PAINTING?

Answer 20

VAISHNAVITE TRADITIONS.

Question 21

WHAT DISTINGUISHED KANGRA PAINTINGS?

Answer 21

SOFT COLOURS INCLUDING COOL BLUES AND GREENS, AND A LYRICAL TREATMENT OF THEMES DISTINGUISHED KANGRA PAINTINGS.

Question 22

BENGALI IS NOW RECOGNIZED AS A LANGUAGE DERIVED FROM SANSKRIT, EARLY SANSKRIT TEXTS (MID-FIRST MILLENNIUM BCE) SUGGEST THAT THE PEOPLE OF BENGAL DID NOT SPEAK SANSKRITIC LANGUAGES.
TRUE/FALSE.
IF TRUE THEN HOW DID SANSKRIT REACHED BENGAL REGION?

Answer 22

TRUE.
FROM THE FOURTH-THIRD CENTURIES BCE, COMMERCIAL TIES BEGAN TO DEVELOP BETWEEN BENGAL AND MAGADHA (SOUTH BIHAR), WHICH MAY HAVE LED TO THE GROWING INFLUENCE OF SANSKRIT.
GUPTA RULERS ESTABLISHED POLITICAL CONTROL OVER NORTH BENGAL AND BEGAN TO SETTLE BRAHMANAS IN THIS AREA.

Question 23

FROM THE EIGHTH CENTURY, BENGAL BECAME THE CENTRE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM UNDER THE ________.

Answer 23

PALAS.

Question 24

BETWEEN THE FOURTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES, BENGAL WAS RULED BY _________ WHO WERE INDEPENDENT OF THE RULERS IN DELHI.

Answer 24

SULTANS.

Question 25

DID AKBAR CONQUERED BENGAL. IF YES THEN WHEN?

Answer 25

IN 1586, WHEN AKBAR CONQUERED BENGAL, IT FORMED THE NUCLEUS OF THE BENGAL SUBA. WHILE PERSIAN WAS THE LANGUAGE OF ADMINISTRATION, BENGALI DEVELOPED AS A REGIONAL LANGUAGE.

Question 26

EARLY BENGALI LITERATURE MAY BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES. WHAT ARE THEY?

Answer 26

1. FIRST CATEGORY IS **INDEBTED TO SANSKRIT**. IT INCLUDES:- - SANSKRIT EPICS, THE **MANGALAKAVYAS**. - BHAKTI LITERATURE, SUCH AS BIOGRAPHIES OF **CHAITANYADEVA**. 2. SECOND CATEGORY IS **INDEPENDENT OF SANSKRIT**. IT INCLUDES:- - **NATH LITERATURE** SUCH AS SONGS OF **MANYAMATI** AND **GOPICHANDRA**. - STORIES CONCERNING THE WORSHIP OF **DHARMA THAKUR**. - FAIRY TALES, FOLK TALES AND BALLADS.

Question 27

WHAT ARE MANGALAKAVYAS?

Answer 27

THEY ARE BENGALI *AUSPICIOUS POEMS*, DEALING WITH THE LOCAL DEITIES.

Question 28

CHAITANYADEVA IS THE LEADER OF ________ BHAKTI MOVEMENT.

Answer 28

VAISHNAVA.

Question 29

DHARMA THAKUR IS A POPULAR REGIONAL DEITY OFTEN WORSHIPPED IN THE FORM OF __________.

Answer 29

STONE OR A PIECE OF WOOD. BENGAL.

Question 30

TERM ANIMISM?

Answer 30

ATTRIBUTION OF LIVING SOUL TO PLANTS, INANIMATE OBJECTS, AND NATURAL PHENOMENA.

Question 31

MANY OF THE MODEST BRICK AND TERRACOTTA TEMPLES IN BENGAL WERE BUILT WITH THE SUPPORT OF SEVERAL LOW SOCIAL GROUPS, SUCH AS THE *KOLU* AND THE *KANSARI*. WHAT DOES KOLU AND KANSARI MEANS?

Answer 31

KOLU= OIL PRESSERS. KANSARI= BELL METAL WORKERS.

Question 32

KRISHNA WITH GOPIS TERRACOTTA PLAQUE IS FOUND IN?

Answer 32

SHYAMARAYA TEMPLE, BISHNUPUR, BANKURA IN WEST BENGAL.

Question 33

WORD *DOCHALA* AND *CHAUCHALA* MEANS?

Answer 33

*DOCHALA* (DOUBLE ROOFED) *CHAUCHALA* (FOUR ROOFED). WHEN LOCAL DEITIES, ONCE WORSHIPPED IN THATCHED HUTS IN VILLAGES, GAINED THE RECOGNITION OF THE BRAHMANAS, THEIR IMAGES BEGAN TO BE HOUSED IN TEMPLES. THE TEMPLES BEGAN TO COPY THE DOUBLE ROOFED OR FOUR ROOFED STRUCTURE OF THE THATCHED HUTS.

Question 34

A THIRTEENTH CENTURY SANSKRIT TEXT FROM BENGAL, THAT PERMITTED THE LOCAL BRAHMANAS TO EAT CERTAIN VARIETIES OF FISH?

Answer 34

THE BRIHADDHARMA PURANA.

Question 35

FISH BEING DRESSED FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION TERRACOTTA PLAQUE IS FOUND IN WHICH TEMPLE?

Answer 35

VISHALAKSHI TEMPLE, ARAMBAGH (UTTAR PRADESH).