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MEDIEVAL HISTORY > THE MUGHAL EMPIRE > Flashcards

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE Flashcards

1
Q

BULAND DARWAJA IS BUILT BY?

A

AKBAR.

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2
Q

MUGHALS WERE DESCENDANTS OF?

A

1 MOTHER’S SIDE- THEY WERE DESCENDANTS OF GENGHIS KHAN, RULER OF MONGOL, CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA.
2 FATHER’S SIDE- SUCCESSORS OF TIMUR RULER OF IRAN, IRAQ AND MODERN DAY TURKEY.

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3
Q

GENGHIS KHAN DIED IN WHICH YEAR?

A

1227.

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4
Q

TIMUR DIED IN WHICH YEAR?

A

1404.

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5
Q

WHY MUGHALS DID NOT LIKE TO BE CALLED MUGHALS OR MONGOLS?

A

BECAUSE GENGHIS KHAN’S MEMORY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MASSACRE OF INNUMERABLE PEOPLE.
IT WAS ALSO LINKED WITH THE UZBEGS, THE MONGOL COMPETITORS.

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6
Q

BABUR SUCCEEDED TO THE THRONE OF FERGHANA IN ______.

A

1494 WHEN HE WAS ONLY 12 YEARS OLD.

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7
Q

BABUR WAS FORCED TO LEAVE HIS ANCESTRAL THRONE DUE TO INVASION OF ANOTHER MONGOL GROUP,_____.

A

THE UZBEGS.

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8
Q

BABUR SEIZED KABUL IN?

A

1504.

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9
Q

1ST BATTLE OF PANIPAT?

A

BABUR VS IBRAHIM LODI IN 1526.
BABUR VICTORIOUS.

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10
Q

TRUE/FALSE
CANONS WERE AN IMPORTANT ADDITION IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY WARFARE.

A

TRUE.
BABUR USED THEM EFFECTIVELY IN THE FIRST BATTLE OF PANIPAT.

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11
Q

BATTLE OF KHANUA?

A

1527 BABUR DEFEATED RANA SANGA, RAJPUT RULERS AND ALLIES AT KHANUA.

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12
Q

BATTLE OF CHANDERI?

A

1528 BABUR DEFEATED THE RAJPUT RULER MEDINI RAI AT CHANDERI; ESTABLISHED CONTROL OVER AGRA AND DELHI BEFORE HIS DEATH.

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13
Q

WHO WEAKENED HUMAYUN’S CAUSE AGAINST AFGHAN COMPETITORS?

A

AMBITIONS OF HIS BROTHER MIRZA KAMRAN WEAKENED HUMAYUN’S CAUSE AGAINST AFGHAN COMPETITORS.
HUMAYUN DIVIDED HIS INHERITANCE ACCORDING TO THE WILL OF HIS FATHER. HIS BROTHERS WERE EACH GIVEN A PROVINCE.

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14
Q

BATTLE OF CHAUSA?

A

1539 SHER KHAN DEFEATED HUMAYUN.

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15
Q

BATTLE OF KANAUJ OR BATTLE OF BILGRAM?

A

SHER KHAN DEFEATED HUMAYUN 1540.

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16
Q

BATTLE OF SIRHIND?

A

HUMAYUN IN 1555 RECAPTURED DELHI FROM SHER SHAH SURI.

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17
Q

DEATH OF HUMAYUN?

A

1556 AN ACCIDENT IN HIS BUILDING.

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18
Q

1ST PERIOD OF AKBAR REIGN?

A

1556-1570 1ST PERIOD.
1 HE BECAME INDEPENDENT OF THE REGENT BAIRAM KHAN AND OTHER MEMBERS OF HIS DOMESTIC STAFF.
2 MILITARY CAMPAIGNS WERE LAUNCHED AGAINST THE NEIGHBOURING KINGDOMS OF MALWA AND GONDWANA AND TO SUPPRESS THE REVOLT OF HIS HALF BROTHER MIRZA HAKIM AND THE UZBEGS.
3 IN 1568 THE SISODIYA CAPITAL OF CHITTOR WAS SEIZED.
4 IN 1569 RANTHAMBOR WAS SEIZED.

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19
Q

2ND PERIOD OF AKBAR REIGN?

A

1570-1585 2ND PERIOD
1 MILITARY CAMPAIGNS IN GUJARAT WERE FOLLOWED BY CAMPAIGNS IN THE EAST IN BIHAR, BENGAL AND ORISSA. THESE CAMPAIGNS WERE COMPLICATED BY 1579-1580 REVOLT IN SUPPORT OF MIRZA HAKIM.

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20
Q

3RD PERIOD OF AKBAR REIGN?

A

1585-1605 3RD PERIOD
1 EXPANSION OF AKBAR EMPIRE.
2 CAMPAIGNS LAUNCHED IN NORTHWEST.
3 QANDAHAR WAS SEIZED FROM THE SAFAVIDS, KASHMIR WAS ANNEXED AS ALSO KABUL AFTER THE DEATH OF MIRZA HAKIM.
4 CAMPAIGNS IN THE DECCAN STARTED AND BERAR, KHANDESH AND PARTS OF AHMADNAGAR WERE ANNEXED.
5 IN THE LAST YEARS OF HIS REIGN AKBAR WAS DISTRACTED BY THE REBELLION OF PRINCE SALIM, THE FUTURE EMPEROR JAHANGIR.

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21
Q

WHO WROTE ABOUT BANJARAS IN HIS MEMOIRS?

A

JAHANGIR.

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22
Q

WHO WAS ALSO KNOWN AS PRINCE SALIM AND HIS RULING PERIOD?

A

JAHANGIR (1605-1627).

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23
Q

JAHANGIRS CAMPAIGNS AGAINST AMAR SINGH AND SIKHS?

A

THE SISODIYA RULER OF MEWAR, AMAR SINGH, ACCEPTED MUGHAL SERVICE.
LESS SUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGNS AGAINST SIKHS, THE AHOMS AND AHMADNAGAR FOLLOWED.

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24
Q

PRINCE KHURRAM WAS ALSO KNOWN AS AND HIS RULING TIME?

A

SHAH JAHAN 1627-1658.

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25
Q

KHAN JAHAN LODI WAS THE NOBLE OF?

A

AFGHAN NOBLE KHAN JAHAN LODI WAS THE NOBLE OF SHAH JAHAN WHO REBELLED AGAINST SHAH JAHAN AND WAS DEFEATED.

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26
Q

CAMPAIGNS BY SHAH JAHAN?

A

1 CAMPAIGNS WERE LAUNCHED AGAINST AHMADNAGAR.
2 BUNDELAS WERE DEFEATED AND ORCHHA SEIZED.
3 IN NORTHWEST, THE CAMPAIGN TO SEIZE BALKH FROM THE UZBEGS WAS UNSUCCESSFUL AND QANDAHAR WAS LOST TO THE SAFAVIDS.
4 IN 1632 AHMADNAGAR WAS FINALLY ANNEXED AND THE BIJAPUR FORCES SUED FOR PEACE.
5 IN 1657-1658, THERE WAS CONFLICT OVER SUCCESSION AMONGST SHAH JAHAN’S SONS.
AURANGZEB WAS VICTORIOUS AND HIS THREE BROTHERS, INCLUDING DARA SHUKOH, WERE KILLED. SHAH JAHAN WAS IMPRISONED FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE IN AGRA.

27
Q

AURANGZEB RULED FROM (TIME)?

A

1658-1707.

28
Q

CAMPAIGNS OF AURANGZEB?

A

AURANGZEB 1658-1707
(1) IN THE NORTH-EAST, THE AHOMS WERE DEFEATED IN 1663, BUT REBELLED AGAIN IN THE 1680s.
2 CAMPAIGNS IN THE NORTH-WEST AGAINST THE YUSUFZAI AND THE SIKHS WERE TEMPORARILY SUCCESSFUL.
3 MUGHAL INTERVENTION IN THE SUCCESSION AND INTERNAL POLITICS OF THE RAJPUTS OF MARWAR LED TO THEIR REBELLION.
4 CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE MARTHA CHIEFTAIN SHIVAJI WERE INITIALLY SUCCESSFUL. BUT AURANGZEB INSULTED SHIVAJI WHO ESCAPED FROM AGRA, DECLARED HIMSELF AN INDEPENDENT KING AND RESUMED HIS CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE MUGHALS.
5 PRINCE AKBAR REBELLED AGAINST AURANGZEB AND RECEIVED SUPPORT FROM THE MARATHAS AND THE DECCAN SULTANATE. HE FINALLY FLED TO SAFAVID IRAN.
6 AFTER AKBAR’S REBELLION AURANGJEB SENT ARMIES AGAINST THE DECCAN SULTANATE BIJAPUR WAS ANNEXED IN 1685 AND GOLCONDA IN 1687.
7 FROM 1698 AURANGZEB PERSONALLY MANAGED CAMPAIGNS IN THE DECCAN AGAINST THE MARATHAS WHO STARTED GUERRILLA WARFARE, AURANGZEB ALSO HAD TO FACE THE REBELLION IN NORTH INDIA OF THE SIKHS, JATS AND SATNAMIS, IN NORTH EAST OF THE AHOMS AND IN THE DECCAN OF THE MARTHAS.
8 HIS DEATH WAS FOLLOWED BY A SUCCESSION CONFLICT AMONGST HIS SONS.

29
Q

WHAT WERE THE MUGHAL TRADITIONS OF SUCCESSION?

A

1 MUGHALS DID NOT BELIEVE IN THE RULE OF PRIMOGENITURE, WHERE THE ELDEST SON INHERITED HIS FATHER’S ESTATE.
2 INSTEAD THEY FOLLOWED THE MUGHAL AND TIMURID CUSTOM OF COPARCENARY INHERITANCE, OR A DIVISION OF THE INHERITANCE AMONGST ALL HIS SONS.

30
Q

MUGHAL RELATIONS WITH OTHER RAJPUTS?

A

1 SISODIYA RAJPUTS REFUSED TO ACCEPT MUGHAL AUTHORITY FOR A LONG TIME. ONCE DEFEATED, HOWEVER, THEY WERE HONOURABLY TREATED BT THE MUGHALS, GIVEN THEIR LANDS (WATAN) BACK AS ASSIGNMENTS (WATAN JAGIR).
2 THE CAREFUL BALANCE BETWEEN DEFEATING BUT NOT HUMILIATING THEIR OPPONENTS ENABLED THE MUGHALS TO EXTEND THEIR INFLUENCE OVER MANY KINGS AND CHIEFTAINS.
3 AURANGJEB INSULTED SHIVAJI WHEN HE CAME TO ACCEPT MUGHAL AUTHORITY.

31
Q

TERM MANSABDAR MEANS?

A

IT REFERS TO AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HOLDS A MANSAB, MEANING A POSITION OR RANK.
IT WAS A GRADING SYSTEM USED BY THE MUGHALS TO FIX
1. RANK
2. SALARY
3. MILITARY RESPONSIBILITIES.

32
Q

MEANING OF ZAT?

A

RANK AND SALARY OF MANSABDARS WAS DETERMINED BY A NUMERICAL VALUE CALLED ZAT.
THE HIGHER THE ZAT, THE MORE PRESTIGIOUS WAS THE NOBLE’S POSITION IN COURT AND THE LARGER HIS SALARY.

33
Q

MILITARY RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANSABDARS?

A
  1. MAINTAIN SPECIFIED NUMBER OF SAWAR OR CAVALRYMEN.
  2. THE MANSABDARS BROUGHT HIS CAVALRYMEN FOR REVIEW, GOT THEM REGISTERED, THEIR HORSES BRANDED AND THEN RECIEVED MONEY TO PAY THEM AS SALARY.
34
Q

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MANSABDARS AND MUQTIS?

A
  1. MANSABDARS RECIEVED THEIR SALARIES AS REVENUE ASSIGNMENTS CALLED JAGIRS WHICH WERE SOMEWHAT LIKE IQTAS.
  2. UNLIKE MUQTIS, MOST MANSABDARS DID NOT ACTUALLY RESIDE IN OR ADMINISTER THEIR JAGIRS. THEY ONLY HAD RIGHTS TO THE REVENUE OF THEIR ASSIGNMENTS WHICH WAS COLLECTED FOR THEM BY THEIR SERVANTS WHILE THE MANSABDARS THEMSELVES SERVED IN SOME OTHER PART OF THE COUNTRY.
35
Q

JAGIRS IN AKBAR AND AURANGZEB’S REIGN?

A

● IN AKBAR’S REIGN THE JAGIRS WERE CAREFULLY ASSESSED SO THAT THE REVENUES WERE ROUGHLY EQUAL TO THE SALARY OF THE MANSABDARS.
● BY AURANGZEB’S REIGN THIS WAS NO LONGER THE CASE AND THE ACTUAL REVENUE COLLECTED WAS OFTEN LESS THAN THE GRANTED SUM.
- THERE WAS ALSO A HUGE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF THE MANSABDARS, WHICH MEANT A LONG WAIT BEFORE THEY RECIEVED A JAGIR.
- THESE AND OTHER FACTORS CREATED A SHORTAGE IN THE NUMBER OF JAGIRS. AS A RESULT MANY JAGIRDARS TRIED TO EXTRACT AS MUCH REVENUE AS POSSIBLE WHILE THEY HAD A JAGIR.
- AURANGZEB WAS UNABLE TO CONTROL THESE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAST YEARS OF HIS REIGN AND THE PEASANTRY THEREFORE SUFFERED TREMENDOUSLY.

36
Q

MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME AVAILABLE TO MUGHALS?

A
  1. TAX ON THE PRODUCE OF THE PEASANTRY.
  2. IN MOST PLACES, PEASANTS PAID TAXES THROUGH THE RURAL ELITES, THAT IS THE HEADMAN OR THE LOCAL CHIEFTAIN.
  3. THE MUGHALS USED ONE TERM- ZAMIDARS - TO DESCRIBE ALL INTERMEDIARIES, WHETHER THEY WERE LOCAL HEADMEN OF VILLAGES OR POWERFUL CHIEFTAINS.
37
Q

WHAT WAS ZABT OR ZABTI SYSTEM?

A

ALSO KNOWN AS THE DAHSALA SYSTEM.
1. AKBAR’S REVENUE MINISTER, TODAR MAL, CARRIED OUT A CAREFUL SURVEY OF CROP YIELDS, PRICES AND AREAS CULTIVATED FOR A 10 YEAR PERIOD, 1570-1580.
2. ON THE BASIS OF THIS DATA, TAX WAS FIXED ON EACH CROP IN CASH.
3. EACH PROVINCE WAS DIVIDED INTO REVENUE CIRCLES WITH ITS OWN SCHEDULE OF REVENUE RATES FOR INDIVIDUAL CROPS. THIS REVENUE SYSTEM WAS KNOWN AS ZABT.

38
Q

WAS ZABT SYSTEM PREVALENT IN WHOLE MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION?

A

ZABT SYSTEM WAS PREVALENT IN THOSE AREAS WHERE MUGHAL ADMINISTRATORS COULD SURVEY THE LAND KEEP VERY CAREFUL ACCOUNTS.
THIS WAS NOT POSSIBLE IN PROVINCES SUCH AS GUJARAT AND BENGAL.

39
Q

SOMETIMES ZAMIDARS AND PEASANTS OF THE SAME CASTE ALLIED IN REBELLING AGAINST MUGHAL AUTHORITY. THESE PEASANTS REVOLTS CHALLENGED THE STABILITY OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE FROM THE END OF THE _______ CENTURY.

A

SEVENTEENTH.

40
Q

AKBAR NAMA IS WRITTEN BY?

A

ABUL FAZL.

41
Q

VOLUMES OF AKBAR NAMA?

A

1ST VOLUME- DEALT WITH AKBAR’S ANCESTORS.
2ND VOLUME RECORDED THE EVENTS OF AKBAR’S REIGN.
3RD VOLUME IS THE AIN-I AKBARI- IT DEALS WITH AKBAR’S ADMINISTRATION, HOUSEHOLD, ARMY, THE REVENUES AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF HIS EMPIRE. IT ALSO PROVIDES RICH DETAILS ABOUT THE TRADITIONS AND CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE LIVING IN INDIA. THE MOST INTERESTING ASPECT ABOUT THE AIN- AKBARI IS ITS RICH STATISTICAL DETAILS ABOUT THE THINGS AS DIVERSE AS CROPS, YIELDS, PRICES, WAGES AND REVENUES.

42
Q

WHAT ABUL FAZL EXPLAINS ABOUT AKBAR’S EMPIRE?

A
  1. THE EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED INTO PROVINCES CALLED SUBAS, GOVERNED BY A SUBADAR WHO CARRIED OUT BOTH POLITICAL AND MILITARY FUNCTIONS.
  2. EACH PROVINCE ALSO HAD A FINANCIAL OFFICER OR DIWAN.
  3. FOR MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND ORDER IN HIS PROVINCE, THE SUBADAR WAS SUPPORTED BY OTHER OFFICERS SUCH AS THE MILITARY PAYMASTER (BAKHSHI), THE MINISTER IN CHARGE OF RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE PATRONAGE (SADR), MILITARY COMMANDERS (FAUJDARS) AND THE TOWN POLICE COMMANDER (KOTWAL).
43
Q

BAKHSHI IN AKBAR’S EMPIRE?

A

BAKHSHI WAS MILITARY PAYMASTER.

44
Q

SADR IN AKBAR’S EMPIRE?

A

THE MINISTER IN CHARGE OF RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE PATRONAGE.

45
Q

FAUJDARS IN AKBAR’S EMPIRE?

A

MILITARY COMMANDERS.

46
Q

KOTWAL IN AKBAR’S EMPIRE?

A

TOWN POLICE COMMANDER.

47
Q

WHY LOYALITIES OF AKBAR’S NOBLES WEAKENED?

A

BY THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY MANY NOBLES HAD BUILT INDEPENDENT NETWORKS OF THEIR OWN. THEIR LOYALTIES TO THE EMPIRE WEAKENED BY THEIR OWN SELF-INTEREST.

48
Q

WHO WAS MEHRUNNISA?

A

MEHRUNNISA MARRIED THE EMPEROR JAHANGIR IN 1611 AND RECIEVED THE TITLE NUR JAHAN.

49
Q

COINS STRUCK IN HONOUR OF NUR JAHAN?

A

AS A MARK OF HONOUR JAHANGIR STRUCK SILVER COINS BEARING HIS OWN TITLES ON ONE SIDE AND ON THE OTHER THE INSCRIPTION STRUCK IN THE NAME OF THE QUEEN BEGUM, NUR JAHAN.

50
Q

MEANING OF FARMAN?

A

ORDER.

51
Q

WHAT DOES THE SQUARE SEAL STATES REGARDING NUR JAHAN AND JAHANGIR?

A

THE SQUARE SEAL STATES, “COMMAND OF HER MOST SUBLIME AND ELEVATED MAJESTY NUR JAHAN PADSHAH BEGUM”.

52
Q

ROUND SEAL REGARDING NUR JAHAN AND JAHANGIR STATES?

A

THE ROUND SEAL STATES, “BY THE SUN OF SHAH JAHANGIR SHE BECAME AS BRILLIANT AS THE MOON; MAY NUR JAHAN PADSHAH BE THE LADY OF THE AGE.

53
Q

MEANING OF DOGMA?

A

A STATEMENT OR AN INTERPRETATION DECLARED AS AUTHORITATIVE WITH THE EXPECTATION THAT IT WOULD BE FOLLOWED WITHOUT QUESTION.

54
Q

BIGOT MEANING?

A

AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS INTOLERANT OF ANOTHER PERSON’S RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OR CULTURE.

55
Q

WHAT WAS IBADAT KHANA IN AKBAR’S REIGN?

A

RELIGIOUS DISCUSSIONS TOOK PLACE IN IBADAT KHANA.
WHILE AKBAR WAS AT FATEHPUR SIKRI DURING THE 1570s HE STARTED DISCUSSIONS ON RELIGION WITH THE ULAMA, BRAHMANAS, JESUIT PRIESTS WHO WERE ROMAN CATHOLICS, AND ZOROASTRIANS. THESE DISCUSSIONS TOOK PLACE IN THE IBADAT KHANA.

56
Q

SULH-I KUL WAS THE IDEA OF?

A

AKBAR’S INTERACTION WITH PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT FAITHS MADE HIM REALISE THAT RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS WHO EMPHASISED RITUAL AND DOGMA WERE OFTEN BIGOTS.
THEIR TEACHINGS CREATED DIVISIONS AND DISHARMONY AMONGST HIS SUBJECTS.
THIS EVENTUALLY LED AKBAR TO THE IDEA OF SULH-I KUL OR UNIVERSAL PEACE.

57
Q

WAHT WAS SUL-I KUL?

A

IT MEANS UNIVERSAL PEACE.
THIS IDEA DID NOT DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT RELIGIONS IN HIS REALM.
INSTEAD IT FOCUSED ON A SYSTEM OF ETHICS- HONESTY, JUSTICE, PEACE.

58
Q

WHO HELPED AKBAR IN FRAMING A VISION OF GOVERNANCE AROUND THE THE IDEA OF SUL-I KUL?

A

ABUL FAZL.

59
Q

APART FROM AKBAR THE PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNANCE OF SUL-I KUL WAS FOLLOWED BY?

A

JAHANGIR AND SHAH JAHAN.

60
Q

THE MUGHAL EMPERORS AND THEIR MANSABDAR SPENT A GREAT DEAL OF THEIR INCOME ON SALARIES AND GOODS. THIS EXPENDITURE BENEFITED THE_________ AND ______.
BUT THE SCALE OF REVENUE COLLECTION LEFT VERY LITTLE FOR INVESTMENTS IN THE HANDS OF THE ______________.

A

1 ARTISANS AND PEASANTRY.
2 PRIMARY PRODUCERS- THE PEASANT AND THE ARTISAN.

61
Q

THE CAPITAL OF MIRZA HAKIM, AKBAR’S HALF BROTHER WAS______.

A

KABUL.

62
Q

THE FIVE DECCAN SULTANATES WERE BERAR, KHANDESH, AHMADNAGAR, _________ AND ________.

A

BIJAPUR AND GOLCONDA.

63
Q

AKBAR ASSIGNED MULLA ABDUL QADIR BADAYUNI TO TRANSLATE _____, _____&______.

A

ATHARVA VEDA, RAMAYANA AND SINGHASAN BATISI.

64
Q

THE FIRST TRANSLATIONS OF UPANISHADS IN THE WORLD?

A

DARA SHUKOH WORKED WITH PANDITS TO TRANSLATE THE BHAGAVAD GITA AND 52 UPANISHADS.
THESE WERE THE 1ST TRANSLATIONS OF UPANISHADS IN THE WORLD.

MEDIEVAL HISTORY (15 decks)

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