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Mona Practice :) > Bichemistry > Flashcards

Bichemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

List 3 examples of Carotenoids

A

B carotene
Lycopene
Lutein

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2
Q

What is ALA Alpha Lipoic Acid?

A

Anti Oxidant

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3
Q

Where does urea cycle accur?

A

Liver

NH3 is produced in all tissue but urea cycle in Liver (mitochondria +Cytosol)

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4
Q

How the NH3 is transported to liver?

A

It is converted to glutamine

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5
Q

What is produced due to fatty acid degradation?

A

Betahydroxybutyric acid
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone

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6
Q

How is epinephrine formed?

A

From phenylalanine amino acid

Phenylalanine> Tyrosine > Levodopa > Dopamine > Norepinephrine > epinephrine

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7
Q

What amino acid forms Thyroxine hormone?

A

Tyrosine

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8
Q

Melanin is formed from ………..

A

Tyrosine by tyrosinase to form Phenyl 3-4 quinine that polymerase and give Melanin

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9
Q

What does Arginine forms?

A

NUC

Nitric oxide
Urea
Creatinine

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10
Q

What forms GABA

A

Glutamate

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11
Q

What is hemoglobin formed of ?

A

Globulin (2 alpha & 2 beta) + porphyria Fe2

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12
Q

From where porphyria is derived?

A

Succinyl Co A + glycine

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13
Q

What contains poryphrin ring?

A

Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Cytochrome

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14
Q

What are the essential aminoacids?

A

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine 
Valine
Tryptophan 
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine - infants
Arginine - infants
Leucine 
Lysine
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15
Q

Examples of Aliphatic amino acids:

A

GAVLI

Glycine
Alanine 
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
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16
Q

Examples of aromatic amino acids:

A

PTT

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

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17
Q

Examples of acidic amino acids:

A

AG

Asparatic acid
Glutamic acid

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18
Q

Examples of basic amino acids:

A

HAL

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine

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19
Q

Examples of sulphuric contains amino acids:

A

CCM

Cystine
Cysteine
Methionine

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20
Q

OH containing amino acid?

A

STT

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

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21
Q

The linear sequence of amino acids in proteins

A

Primary structure

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22
Q

The sequence of amino acids is bind by hydrogen bond?

A

Secondary structure

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23
Q

Protein consist of more than one chain of amino acids?

A

Quaternary structure

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24
Q

Protein structure formed due to interaction (disulfide covalent bond,hydrophobic interaction,H bond,ionic interaction ) between alpha helix and pleated sheets

A

Tertiary protein structure

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25
Three categories of proteins
Simple proteins Conjugated proteins Derived proteins
26
Examples of phosphproteins?
Casein | Ovovitellin
27
Most abundant element in body?
Iron
28
In which enzyme is Molybdenum present?
Xanthine Oxidase
29
Enzymes or proteins contains iron:
Hemoglobin Myoglobin Cytochrome oxidase Myeloperoxidase
30
Steroid structure
3 Cyclohexane ring + 1 cyclopentane ring Bile acids ( glyco cholic acid, Tauro cholinergic acid) Vit D
31
Examples of lipoproteins
Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
32
Element required by ACE.
Zinc
33
Cytochrome C oxidase reaction co Factors?
Cu and heme
34
Example of phosphatidyl choline compound?
Lecithin
35
What is ceramics formed of?
Sphingosine + fatty acid
36
How is sphingosine formed?
Palmitoyl Co A and Serine. -----> Sphinegenine. -----> Sphingosine
37
What is Sphingomyelin formed of?
Sphingosine + Fatty acid + Phosphocholine
38
Examples of Glucosphingolipids?
``` Cerebroside = Ceramide + Fatty acid + sugar Gangilioside = Ceramide + Fatty acid + oligosaccharide ```
39
Sphingolipids classes:
SphingoPHOSPHOlipid = Sphingomyelins SphingoGLUCOlipids = Glucolipids ( cerebrosides & gangiliosides"
40
Triglyceride hydrolysis will form:
3 Fatty acid + Glycerol
41
Cholesterol is formed from?
Acetyl CoA via mevalonate
42
What is formed from pentode phosphate pathway?
NADPH (fatty acid synthesis, glutathione reductase, detoxification) Ribose 5 Phosphate (nucleotide biosynthesis) Glycolysis intermediates
43
MonoSaccharide Examples
Glucose Fructose Galactose
44
Sucrose is formed of...
Glucose and fructose
45
What should be given to children on full or partial breast feed?
Vitamin D drops 400IU/day
46
What is the main carbohydrate source in cow milk?
Lactose
47
Sources of gluten?
Wheat Rye Barley
48
What is thiamine and its deficiency?
``` Thiamine is Vitamine B1 Deficiency causes 1. Beriberi 2. Wernicke- Korsaskoff syndrome 3. Chronic alcoholic must take Vit B 1 supplement ```
49
What is vitamine B 2?
Riboflavin | Precursor for FMN and FAD
50
What is vitamin B3.
Vit B3 = Niacin | Niacin forms NAD and NADP ( cofactors for dehydrogenase)
51
From where Niacin (Vit B3) is derived?
Tryptophan
52
What is Pellagra?
Deficiency in Niacin
53
What is Hartnup disease?
Impairment in tryptophan absorption
54
What happens to Tryptophan in Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome?
Tryptophan metabolism is altered ..excess serotonin synthesis
55
What is the composition of Dilectin?
Doxylamine + Vit B6
56
Which vitamin should be avoided in Parkinson's patient administrating levodopa?
Vitamin B6-pyridoxine
57
What is the name of vitamin B5?
Pantothenic acid
58
What is pantothenic acid formed from?
B alanine + pantoic acid
59
Which drugs causes decrease in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?
Isoniazid | Penicillamine
60
Which Vitamin is deficient in elderly , achlorhydric and vigan?
Vitamin B12
61
What is the structure of Vit B 12 ( cyanocobalamine)?
4 tetrapyrrol rings CORRIN and a cobalt ion center
62
In what reactions is Vit B 12 utilized?
CATABOLISM ``` Fatty acids (odd number) Amino acids ( VIT. Valine, Isoleucine, Threonine) ```
63
Megaloblastic anemia due to?
Deficiency in Vit B12
64
Pernicious anemia is due to
Lack in intrinsic factor ( parietal cells) | Treatment IM or SC Vit B12
65
What medications causes malabsorption of Vit B12?
``` Aminosalicylic acid KI Colchicine Trifluoperazine Ethanol Metformin Oral contraceptives Neomycin Omeprazole Anticonvulsants ```
66
What composes folic acid?
Pteridine ring+ p amino benzoic acid + Glutamyl moiety
67
What drugs decreases the folic acid?
Anticonvulsants ( carbamazepine, phenytoin) Oral contraceptives Methotrexate "pteridyl analogue" Trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole (PABA analog) 5 florouracil Sulfasalazine Dapsone
68
Vitamin deficient in smokers?
Vitamin C
69
Vit essential for Collagen synthesis?
Vitamin C | Proline residues hydroxylation in collagen
70
Vitamin C is deficient in?
Smokers
71
Precursor of Vit A
Beta carotene
72
13 Cis retinoic acid is
Oral Isotretinoin (monitor TG)
73
Active form of Vit A?
Rhodopsin , in Rods
74
Vitamin deficient in Chronic renal failure?
Vitamin D3
75
Active form of Vit D
1, 25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol (calcitriol)
76
Excess Vit D causes
Hypercalcemia and nephrolithiasis
77
What is Vit D2 and Vit D 3.
Vit D 2 is ergocalciferol ( pro Vit D2 ergosterol) | Vit D 3 is Cholecalciferol (pro Vit D3, 7 dehydrocholesterol)
78
What is the name of Vitamin E?
Tocopherol
79
What is the main use of Vit E?
Potent antioxidants, increase cell integrity
80
What are the three types of Vitamin K?
Vitamin K1 -Phylloquinone (green plants) Vitamin K2 -Menaquinone ( Intestinal Bacteria) Vitamin K3 - Synthetic Menadione
81
What is Vitamin K required for ?
Maintain normal levels of clotting Factors 2,7,9,10, Protein C Protein S
82
What is arachidonic acid derived from?
Linoleic acid - Omega 6
83
What is EPA (Eicosapentanoic acid) and DHA (Decosahexanoic acid) derived from?
Linolenic acid - Omega 3 family
84
Example of Omega 6 fatty acid
Linoleic acid (2 double bonds)
85
Example of Omega 3 free fatty acids?
Linolenic acid ( 3 double bonds)
86
Phases of mitosis
Interphase: chromosome duplicate but attached (S phase) Prophase:in nucleus, chromosome become visible, in cytoplasm spindle form. Prometaphase: nuclear membrane Break and spindle interact with chromosome Metaphase: chromosome aligned middle of spindle Anaphase: chromosome separate and move to opposite end of spindle. Telophase: nuclear membrane around 2 set of chromosome and spindle start to break. Cytokinesis: cell split into 2 daughter cells
87
How many chromosomes human have
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs in each cell
88
Amino-acid precursor of porphyria in hemoglobin
Glycine

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