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cognition II > bilingualism and second language acquisition > Flashcards

bilingualism and second language acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the original definition of true bilinguals

A

having native like proficiency in 2 langauges

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2
Q

what is the issue with this original definition of true bilinguals

A

people who can communicate in 2 languages but not with native proficiency are also called bilinguals

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3
Q

what is the new definition of true bilinguals

A

regular use of 2 or more languages/dialects in everyday life

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4
Q

what are some bilingual classifications

A

-simultaneous bilinguals/ bilingual 1st lang = exposure to 2 langs from birth

-sequential bilinguals = sequential exposure to 2 languages

-other: balance, dominant, elective, circumstantial etc

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5
Q

are all classifications of bilinguals true bilinguals

A

yes

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6
Q

bilingual prevalence in world

A

more than 50% of world population use 2 or more languages in everyday life

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7
Q

what is early language acquisition and what is it also known as

A

having 2 languages from birth
aka bilingual first language acquisition (BFA)

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8
Q

do language milestones differ for bilingual children

A

no, patterns of dev for bilingual children are identical to dev of monolingual children (De Houwer 2009)

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9
Q

what are the key language milestones

A

27 weeks: babbling
12 months: one word/holophrastic stage
24 months: two word stage
36 months: multiword sentences
48 months +: complex sentences

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10
Q

what are the 2 bilingual hypothesis’

A

the fusion hypoth
separate language hypoth

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11
Q

what is the fusion hypoth

A

volterra and taeschner 1978
1. one language up to 3yrs (2 languages represented as 1)
2. distinction of 2 systems but same syntactical rules used in the 2 languages
3. differentiated systems

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12
Q

what is the separate lang hypoth

A

houwer 2005
-bilinguals have separate systems for L1 and L2 from the start
-both languages are acquired simultaneously

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13
Q

which hypothesis has now been discredited

A

the fusion hypothesis

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14
Q

how does lexical differentiation support the separate lang hypothesis

A

-children exposed to 2 languages have 2 words for one object
-favours 2 lang systems hypothesis since monolingual children operate on the principle of mutual exclusivity

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15
Q

what is mutual exclusivity

A

children assume words denote mutually exclusive object categories e.g if children already know a name for an object they will reject a new word for same object

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16
Q

how does morpho syntactic development support the separate lang systems hypothesis

A

de houwer 1995
-no evidence of fused language system
-language mixing occurs but not with grammatical rules
-mixing words doesnt mean the child cant differentiate between the languages and it doesnt mean the languages are in the same place in brain
-mixing may occur bc child may not know the word in one language or might be used as a communicative strategy

17
Q

how does phonological differentiation support separate language systems hypoth

A

-bilingual children do not have accents for either language, maybe bc there isnt a clear distinction between sounds of L1 and L2
-L1 and L2 are probably encoded, stored and used in separate manners as proposed by the separate lang hypothesis

18
Q

definition of learning

A

dev of a skill due to conscious process that requires instructions and information present in the envrionment

19
Q

definition of acquisition

A

automatic and unconscious process by which skill is developed without instruction and scarce info available

20
Q

what age is L1 normally acquired by

A

6yrs

21
Q

what age can L2 be learnt

A

any age

22
Q

what is the biological clock

A

requires acquisition of aspects of L2 at right time (CP)

23
Q

what is the ceiling effect

A

it might be impossible to develop linguistic competency in L2 to a level similar to L1

24
Q

who completed initial research into the idea of the critical period (CP)1

A

penfield and roberts 1959: loss of plasticity as we age supports idea of CP

25
Q

lennenberg research into CP

A

1967
-hemispheric specialisation around puberty supports idea of CP

26
Q

definition of CP

A

irreversible loss of skill if not acquired at specific time

27
Q

definition of sensitive period

A

abnormal dev of skill if this is not acquired at a biologically specified time
-can be compensated or reversed

28
Q

evidence for CP in acquisition of L1

A

-Genie (feral child): serious deprivation, isolated until age 13, at age of 13 she was taught lang but never reached native level, supports idea of CP

-deaf children with hearing parents (Syirsky and Holt 2005), children had surgery of cochlear implants, if before age 2 lang was normal, if after 2 lang dev had some difficulties

29
Q

evidence for CP and acquisition of L2

A

-Oyama 1976: learning L2 later in life, morphological syntactical and phonological level was difficult to attain at native level
-L2 speakers tend NOT to learn phonology or accent like a native speaker

30
Q

why are bilingual speakers considered special if there are over 50% of worlds population

A

bc learning L2 after early childhood is considered difficult/not normal/not natural

31
Q

studies into arrival of foreign country and language

A

johnson and newport 1989: foreigners arrive in USA, if arrival after age 8, english proficiency score drops hugely

flege 1995: as age of foreigners entering canada increases, accent proficiency decreases, e.g if born in canada you learn phonology perfectly but do not adopt foreign accent

32
Q

neuroimaging evidence to support CP

A

-pp who speak L2 later in life have diff pathways in brain
-less activation for L2 in LH compared to L1
(L2 not working as well as L1 at activating areas to help in LH)
-strengthens critical period

33
Q

ERPs evidence to support CP and counter evidence

A

electrical activity different for those who learn L2 later in life

HOWEVER
marinova and todd 2000
-frequency of use of L2 may be more important in how proficient you use L2 than the AofA

34
Q

research contradicting CP

A

Loup et al 1994
-julie and laura (americal) learnt arabic with native like proficiency
-people in egypt could not tell they were not native speakers

35
Q

what % of people learn L2 with native like proficiency

A

Birdsong 1999
- 5-25%

36
Q

is there a difference between bilingual indivs learning their L1 and L2

A

the difference is very small

37
Q

what are the 3 key traditional views of bilingualism

A

1.late bilinguals may have mixed language systems that includes full native lang and a funky L2
2.bilinguals should be functionally monolingual in the native langauge
3.the L1 should transfer to the L2 but not much transfer expected from the L2 to the L1

38
Q
A

cognition II (19 decks)

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