bilingualism and second language acquisition part II Flashcards
what is the model of L2 lang acquisition
hierachical revised model (kroll y stewart 1994)
what are the 2 levels of the hierachical revised model
1.lexical: 2 systems
2.semantic: 1 shared system
where did the hierachical revised model arise from
Potter et al 1984
-associative model (concepts to L1, then to L2)
-conceptual mediation model (concepts to L1 and L2)
research by potter et al 1984
-asked pp to name pics in L2 and translate words from L1 to L2 (measured time taken to do these)
-if conceptual mediation model is used by bilinguals then translating from L1 to L2 will take longer as it has to go through concept than naming pics in L2
-if associative model is used then translating from L1 to L2 will take less time than naming pics in L2 as naming has togo through concept, then L1 then L2
FINDINGS: brain uses conceptual mediation model
kroll y stewart 1994 heirachal revised model
-strong connections to and from concepts and L1
-strong connection from L2 to L1
-weaker connections to and from concepts and L2
-weaker connection from L1 to L2
-strength depends on frequency of words
-translation from L1to L2 slower than L2 to L1
-naming concepts slower for L2 than L1
what does it mean to say bilinguals are mental jugglers
both languages are active regardless of requirement to use only one language
how does it work having 2 active languages at the same time
-parallel activity of 2 languages produces competition
-but skilled bilinguals rarely make the error of speaking the wrong language at the wrong time
-bilinguals often code switch with similar bilinguals mid sentence demonstrating cognitive control
what are the consequences of resolving cross language competition
-positive effects
-changes brain networks
-builds cognitive reserve
what is the cognitive reserve
how agile your brain is, its ability to improvise and find alternate ways to get something done/ solve problems
what are the advantages of a bilinguals cognitive reserve
healthy ageing and delayed dementia onset
-protects against normal decline in attentional control associated with ageing
findings from bialystok
2005: older bilinguals out perform age matched monolingual counter parts on simon task
2007: bilingualism delays onset of alzheimers by 4 yrs
what is the simon task
-press L button for red, R button for green
-sometimes trials are congruent, sometimes incongruent e.g green square on L
-the difference between congruent and incongruent trials for bilinguals is less than monolinguals
magnitude of the simon task
bialystok 2004
-magnitude for bilingual pp is lower than monolingual pp of same age
-magnitude increases from age 50, then plateaus at 70 for bilinguals
-magnitude increases from age 50 for monolingual pp (monolinguals suffer more from incongruency)
what might cause the arise of bilingual advantage
a life of resolving competition across 2 languages
