reading

Question 1

what is lexical reading

Answer 1

reading words we already know

Question 2

what is non lexical reading

Answer 2

reading words you do not know

Question 3

what is the dual route model of reading

Answer 3

mental lexicon (dictionary) - visual analysis system - non lexical procedure - speech

Question 4

more complex dual model of reading

Answer 4

contains 3 main paths
1: READING WITH MEANING semantic sys - visual input lexicon - speech output lexicon

2: READING NO MEANING visual input lexicon - speech output lexicon

3: NON LEXICAL ROUTE visual analysis sys - grapheme phoneme conversion - speech

Question 5

case of WLP

Answer 5

-reading without meaning
-62 yr old lady, progressive senile dementia
-could mime use of objects (meaning/semantic sys preservd)
-poor performance sorting words to categories
-could read irregular words aloud (has memory connection present)

Question 6

alexia =

Answer 6

cannot read at all

Question 7

what is the lexical decision task

Answer 7

-series of letter on screen
-if english press A, if not press L
-recognition of english words slower than non words
-important how non words were created, effects recognition of real words e.g if all non words contain only consonants pp will press A when they see a vowel NOT measuring actual word recognition

Question 8

word naming RT task

Answer 8

monoghan and ellis
-consistent words = band,grand, hand etc
-inconsistent words = wand
-slower RT for inconsistent word
-if consistent low frequency, both lexical and non lexical pathways activated and lead to same response so processed at high speed
-if inconsistent high frequency, response still fast
-if inconsistent and low frequency, slow processing and creates conflict in 2 pathways (lexical and non lexical) creating longer processing times

Question 9

length effects for non words

Answer 9

lavidor and ellis
-word on LVF/RH = faster RT,processes sequentially, letter by letter so we see word length effect
-word on RVF/LH = processes word at once, processes first and last letter, then middle

Question 10

dehaene et al 3 pathways modified by reading

Answer 10

1.early visual sys
2.ventral visual pathway
3.phonological coding sys

Question 11

neuroscience of reading

Answer 11

-reading changes anatomy of brain
-we cannot unlearn reading
-brain not evolved to read/write

Question 12

is reading automatic or conscious

Answer 12

both

Question 13

what skills does learning to read depend on

Answer 13

-fine visual skills
-constant use of these skills when reading may improve visual processing

Question 14

evidence for reading improving visual processing

Answer 14

literate adults:
-enhanced early occipital EPRs
-repetition suppression
-faster discrimination of similar looking stimuli
-better at discriminating stimuli e.g the bottom half of face or houses

Question 15

explanation for reading improving visual processing

Answer 15

-readers process combinations of small group symbols in small print millions of times
-this training has ability to change sensitivity of V1, V3 and V4 areas of brain

Question 16

ventral visual pathway

Answer 16

-learning to read and write has morphological transformations and impacts processing of stimuli
-impacts how brain performs when stimulated

Question 17

what is the visual word form area

Answer 17

VWFA
-area in brain where language centre is, for most its in LH
-illiterate pp LH see letter strings and no activiation here but huge activation for recognising faces
-literate pp LH see word strings and have activation here and less recognition of faces than illiterate pp
-illiterate pp RH no activation with letter strings but activation for faces
-literate pp RH less activation for letter strings but more activiation for faces than LH but still worse than illiterate pp

Question 18

specialisation of VWFA

Answer 18

occurs rapidly
-2/3 yrs after learning to read
-few weeks in 6 yrs olds when computer training to match letters to sounds
-few days in adults due to brain plasticity
-involved in identiication of orthographic stimuli

Question 19

bottom up specialisation of VWFA

Answer 19

VWFA comprises tuned cells for letters, morphemes and short words that activate meaning

Question 20

top down specialisation of VWFA

Answer 20

orthographic tuning only apparent where non orthographic code is involved in its activation

Question 21

VWFA and blind people

Answer 21

VWFA responds when blind people read in braille
-supports literacy acquistion in any modality

Question 22

does spoken word processing lead to automatic activiation of orthograohic representations

Answer 22

yes
-literate indiv show strong activation of VWFA at rhyme judgement tasks
-activation is higher when ryhmes conflict e.g mint and pint
(indicates top down activation)