language production: naming

Question 1

what are the 4 main linguistic behaviours

Answer 1

speaking, listening, reading/comprehending, writing

Question 2

what is single word production known as

Answer 2

naming

Question 3

what are some of the challenges to calculate someone’s vocab size

Answer 3

1. what counts as a word
2. how can we generate a test for measuring vocab size
3. how do we test if the pp knows the word or not

Question 4

what is the average vocab size

Answer 4

20,000 - 60,000 words

Question 5

why is the estimation conservative

Answer 5

1.family of words count as 1 e.g dream, dreamt, dreamer, dreamy all one word

2.proper nouns not counted e.g lilly

3.compounds do not count e.g barefoot, snowman

Question 6

how many words are selected per second

Answer 6

2-3 words

Question 7

how many errors per 1000 words

Answer 7

1 or 2

Question 8

how do we start going through words and select them

Answer 8

-first we initially comprehend what is going on, same level as non verbal animal like a chimp
-the diff is that humans go on to produce words

Question 9

what does independence mean in context of model of cog processing

Answer 9

-each step of process is independent from each other
-each step located in different regions of brain
-people with brain damage may not be able to visually interpret an apple but if they touch an apple they will be able to produce the word apple
-however its unusual for a patient with brain damage to have one area impaired and all others functioning as brain injuries are normally extensive and most patients have mixed symptoms

Question 9

what is the model of cog processing

Answer 9

ellis and young 1995

1.object recognition units (faster processing if familiar, we must know what object is for next stages)
2.semantic system (knowledge of word, retrieve names from mem store)
3.speech output lexicon (memory store often called speech output lexicon, our mental dictionary)
4.phonemes (sounds placed together form a word)
5.words

Question 10

what is an aphasia

Answer 10

-problem with language
-impaired ability to understand or produce speech due to brain damage

Question 11

what do aphasic language disorders do

Answer 11

they afflict the translation between concepts and sounds

Question 12

what are the 2 types of aphasia

Answer 12

brocas and wernickes

Question 13

discovery of brocas area

Answer 13

-paul broca 1861: first series of paper on language and brain, damage to specific portion of brain (now brocas area) results in disturbance of language output
-broca 1865: damage to LH left speech disorder but not if damage was in same region of RH

Question 14

brocas aphasia

Answer 14

-slow speech production, good comprehension
-telegraphic style speech
-only content words
-effortful distorted articulation
-agrammatical syntax (leaving out auxilleries, articles etc)

Question 14

what is brocas region

Answer 14

area of motor cortex controlling muscles of face, jaw and tongue etc

Question 15

wernickes aphasia

Answer 15

-effortless, melodic speech
-unintelligible content, problem with comprehension
-verbal paraphrasias = substituting one word/phrase for another
-phonemic paraphrasias = substitution of incorrect sounds
-preserves rhythm, grammar and articulation

Question 16

what are circumlocutory phrases

Answer 16

large number of words to express an idea

Question 17

what aphasia uses circumlocutory phrases

Answer 17

wernickes

Question 18

what is anomia and its potential causes

Answer 18

impairment in retrieving names
-can arise from diff levels of lexico semantic system:
1.perceptual problems
2.semantic system
3.access to lexicon
4.deterioration of lexicon
5.access to sounds

Question 19

SRB case study

Answer 19

-38 yr old
-stroke, R hemianopia
-anomia for natural objects (28/38)
-naming errors involved semantic circumlocution (full explanation but cannot come up with name)
-drawings of natural objects worse than controls and worse than drawings of man made objects
-object decision task, which pic does object work best with eg clown with a circus or a church (27/32) - below controls

Question 20

conclusions of SRB

Answer 20

-deficit in perceptual knowledge
But impaired retrieval of stored perceptual knowledge does not nescessarily preclude access to detailed semantic knowledge from taking place

Question 21

what anomias/aphasias can come from each stage of cog processing model

Answer 21

1.object recognition unit: perceptual deficit anomia
2.semantic system: category specific anomia
3.speech output lexicon: brocas aphasia
4.phoneme level: wernickes aphasia

Question 22

function of LH

Answer 22

speaks
writes
capable of thought
judgement
imagination
reasoning

Question 23

split brain research

Answer 23

sperry
-patients surgery to cut corpus callosum due to epilepsy
-LVF processed in RH and vice versa due to optical nerve crossing to opposing hemisphere
-LH dominant for language
-if word presented in R visual field, pp can say word as LH dominant for lang
-if word presented in LVF pp unable to say word but can draw it from RH

Question 24

functions of RH

Answer 24

can understand
no speaking or writing
capable of recognising pics
difficult to assess as can process but not produce
expressed only by non verbal responses

Question 25

SRB brain damage

Answer 25

-damage to LH
-cannot produce lang but could understand
-likely having RH compensating for damage in LH

Question 26

tip of tongue effect

Answer 26

TOT: temporary difficulty in lexical access
-extreme pauses, can take long time to retrieve name
-strong feelings of knowing
-universal: all languages, children and adults and sign language
-increases with age
-increases with bilingual speakers

Question 27

who examined TOT

Answer 27

brown and mcneill 1966
-methodology: provide definition and ask pp to come up with word the definition is referring to
-partial info can be retrieved (lexical retrieval not all or nothing)
-sometimes we know things about the word e.g it begins with K or contains ing
-processing can happen in diff ways e.g knowing some phonemes before previous stages