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Biologie > BIO 18-21 > Flashcards

BIO 18-21 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

All the organisms of different populations that live together in one place

A

Community

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2
Q

Number of species present

A

Species richness

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3
Q

Amount of energy produced

A

Primary productivity

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4
Q

Interactions that affect the survival and reproduction of the species engaged in the interaction; caused by 2 species using the same resource

A

Interspecific interactions

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5
Q

Interactions that affect the survival and reproduction of the species due to members of a same species for the same resource in an ecosystem

A

Intraspecific interactions

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6
Q

This sign indicates that, in an interspecific interaction, the interaction affects the survival and reproduction of any two species positively

A

+

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7
Q

This sign indicates that, in an interspecific interaction, the interaction affects the survival and reproduction of any two species negatively

A

-

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8
Q

This sign indicates that, in an interspecific interaction, the interaction does not affect the survival and reproduction of any two species

A

0

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9
Q

Interspecific interaction, can be detrimental to both species (-/-)

A

Competition

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10
Q

Interspecific interactions (3), beneficial to one species and detrimental to the other (+/-)

A

Predation, herbivory, parasitism

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11
Q

The interaction is beneficial to both species

A

Mutualism

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12
Q

One species benefits from the interaction, and the other species is unaffected by it

A

Commensalism

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13
Q

The place in which an organism lives

A

Habitat

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14
Q

The role that an organism has within the community; pattern of living; may be described in terms of space utilization, food consumption, temperature range, appropriate conditions for mating, requirements for moisture, etc.

A

Ecological niche

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15
Q

Physical interactions over access to resources; e.g. fighting to defend a territory or displacing an individual from a particular location

A

Interference competition

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16
Q

Consuming the same resources (e.g. weeds in a garden compete with garden plants for nutrients)

A

Exploitive competition

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17
Q

Strong competition between species can lead to ____________. If two species compete for a resource, the species that uses the resource most efficiently with eliminate the other. Two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist indefinitely in the same place (niche).

A

Competitive exclusion

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18
Q

The entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

A

Fundamental niche

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19
Q

The actual set of environmental conditions, including the presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population

A

Realized niche

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20
Q

Because of ____________________, the realized niche of a species can be considerably smaller than its fundamental niche.

A

Interspecific competition

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21
Q

When two species evolve as to utilize a different portion of the resources

A

Resource partitioning

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22
Q

The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population’s becoming isolated by a geographic barrier.

A

Allopatric speciation

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23
Q

The formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier between the changed population (mutants) and the parent population. No geographic barrier is present.

A

Sympatric speciation

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24
Q

In ____________ the number of predators depends on the number of prey and the number of prey also depends on the predators.

A

Predator-prey cycles

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25
When predator and prey adapt and counter adapt to survive in link to each other.
Coevolution
26
In some cases, one prey species may gain significant protection by mimicking the appearance of another
Mimicry
27
Mimicry, equally poisonous
Mullerian mimicry
28
Mimicry, not poisonous
Batesian mimicry
29
Two or more kinds of organisms live together in elaborate and permanent relations.
Symbiosis
30
Parasites that live within the body of the host
Endoparasites
31
Parasites that live and feed on the external surface of the host
Ectoparasites
32
If one species has a role out of proportion to its population size, that species is a ______________.
Keystone species
33
The sequence of community changes after a disturbance; primary _________ begins in a lifeless area where no soil has yet formed, secondary where an existing community has been disrupted but organisms still remain
Succession
34
Step in succession. Early successional species are characterized by r-selected species tolerant to harsh conditions
Establishment
35
Step in succession, Early successional species introduce local changes in the habitat. K-selected species replace r-selected species.
Facilitation
36
Step in succession. Sometimes changes in the habitat caused by one species inhibits the growth of the original species.
Inhibition
37
Consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact.
Ecosystem
38
Regardless of an ecosystem's size, its dynamics involve two main processes: ______________ and ________________.
Energy flow, chemical cycling
39
Ecologists study the transformation of ________ and _________ within the ecosystem.
Energy, matter
40
Law which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
First law of thermodynamics
41
Law which states that every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe.
Second law of thermodynamics
42
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as ______.
Heat
43
Measure of disorder in a physical system, energy is required to overcome it.
Entropy
44
Law which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed (REVIEW THIS CARD IT DOESN'T ACTUALLY MAKE SENSE)
Law of conservation of energy
45
Ecosystems are _____, absorbing energy and mass and releasing heat and waste products.
Open systems
46
Linear, visual representation of the transfer of food from trophic level to trophic level
Food chain
47
Several combined food chains
Food web
48
The rate at which the organisms in the trophic level collectively synthesize the new organic matter
Productivity
49
Productivity of the primary producers
Primary productivity
50
Rate at which primary producers break down organic compounds
Respiration
51
Rate at which primary producers synthesize new organic matter
Gross primary productivity (GPP)
52
The GPP less the respiration of the primary producers
Net primary productivity (NPP)
53
Productivity of a heterotroph trophic level
Secondary productivity
54
A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.
Eutrophication
55
The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next, usually around 10%
Trophic efficiency
56
Pyramid in which each level represents the dry weight of all organisms in one trophic level
Biomass pyramid
57
Two types of ecological pyramids
Energy flow pyramid, pyramid of numbers
58
Chemicals moving through ecosystems, biotic and abiotic
Biogeochemical cycles
59
The study of _______ helped lay the groundwork for Darwin's ideas
Fossils
60
Believed that species evolve through the use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Lamarck
61
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection: (1) Species have the potential for population exponential growth, (2) Most populations are stable, (3) Environmental resources are limited, therefore there are _______________ (5 words). Individuals vary within a population, therefore _________ (4 words) occurs. These traits are passed on from generation to generation, therefore there is gradual ________ (1 word) of favourable characteristics within a population.
More offspring than can survive and a struggle for limited resources, survival of the fittest, accumulation
62
The process by which species arise and change over time. The idea that all organisms have descended from common ancestors.
Evolution
63
The differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain inherited traits; the major mechanism for evolution.
Natural selection
64
Evidence of evolution after Darwin (6 supporting facts)
Specific examples, artificial selection, fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular evidence, biogeography
65
Phenomenon in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter ones (light ones get eaten), as in peppered moths for instance
Industrial melanism
66
Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor, observed in divergent evolution
Homologous structures
67
Present in organisms that have evolved similar external look because they had to adapt to the same environment, observed in convergent evolution
Analogous structures
68
Reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms
Comparative embryology
69
Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors
Vestigal features
70
Allows for the study of evolutionary history of an organism based on its genes
Phylogenetic tree
71
Study of geographic distribution of species
Biogeography
72
The study of the properties of genes in populations
Population genetics
73
Cornerstone of theoretical population genetics
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
74
A localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Population
75
The Hardy-Weinberg equation can calculate the _____________.
Frequency of an allele
76
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p squared and q squared represent the _________________.
Frequencies of the homozygous genotypes
77
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p and q represent the _________________.
Frequencies of an allele
78
The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a population which is ____________ (2 words)
Not evolving
79
Five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle
No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow
80
In the H-W equation, q represents the (dominant/recessive) allele and p the (dominant/recessive) allele.
Recessive, dominant
81
Five agents of evolutionary change
Mutation, gene flow, non random mating, genetic drift, selection
82
Only mutations in cells that produce __________ can be passed on to offspring
Gametes
83
A movement of alleles from one population to another, important agent of change
Gene flow
84
____________ gene flow is when one animal moves from one place to the other.
Obvious
85
___________ gene flow is when, for example, bees fertilize different plants carrying pollen from one population to another.
Subtle
86
Mating with specific genotypes
Non random mating
87
When phenotypically similar individuals mate
Assortative mating (inbreeding)
88
When phenotypically different individuals mate, produces heterozygotes
Dissortative mating (outcrossing)
89
Random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time by chance, tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles
Genetic drift
90
When one or a few individuals leave their original population and become the 'founder' of a new population, pioneer organisms do not carry all the alleles present in the original population, therefore the new population changes in its genetic content
Founder effect
91
Organisms do not move from place to place, but their populations are drastically reduced in size due to disease, flooding, etc. A few individuals will not carry all the alleles in the original population and the frequency of alleles changes. If the population remains small, it may be affected by genetic drift.
Bottleneck effect
92
Selection which eliminates intermediate types e.g. beak sizes in Africa (large and small beaks), few finches have the intermediate size
Disruptive selection
93
Selection eliminates one extreme from a continuous distribution of phenotypes
Directional selection
94
Both extremes are eliminated from an array of phenotypes. The intermediate type is selected.
Stabilizing selection
95
Quantifying reproductive success, number of surviving offspring left in the next generation, being able to survive AND breed AND become a grandparent or even a great-grandparent. It is a combination of survival, mating success, and offspring per mating.
Fitness

Biologie (9 decks)

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