BIO 6-8 Flashcards by Xavier Bissonnette

Specialized structures inside cells

Organelles

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Oval sausage shaped organelles about the size of bacteria found in both plants and animals; can reproduce on their own; power plant of the cell; converts food energy (glucose) into ATP for cellular respiration

Mitochondria

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This organelle contains its own DNA

Mitochondria

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Site of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

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Composed of thylakoid disks, where photosynthesis occurs

Grana

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Inner material of chloroplast; contains its own DNA

Stroma

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Region near the nucleus where microtubules (part of the cycloskeleton) are assembled

Centrosome

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Barrel shaped organelles; occur in pairs usually located at right angles to each other; help assemble microtubules; buildup the mitotic spindle in cell division; found in most protist and animal cells; fungi and plants lack them

Centrioles

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Made up of protein fiber; anchors organelles and supports the shape of the cells; involved in the movement of the cells

Cytoskeleton

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Made up of actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments

Cytoskeleton

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Responsible for contraction (make up muscle); long protein fibers; pinching of the cytoplasm during cell division; forms cellular extensions

Actin filaments

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Hollow protein tubes; largest type of fiber; involved in cell movement; they move cell material within the cell; important structure of cilia and flagella

Microtubules

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Tough and fibrous filaments of protein; difficult to break; provide structural stability for cells

Intermediate filaments

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Numerous short hair-like projections (in humans: uterine tubes, respiratory system)

Cilia

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One single hair-like projection (in humans: sperm)

Flagella

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In plant cells, the main one contains water, sugar, and ions; serves as storage; can occupy 90% of a cell

Vacuoles

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In Protista: contractile, regulates water content in a cell

Vacuoles

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Surround plasma membrane; hard and rigid; has pores; found in plants, fungi and many protists

Cell wall

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This substance is what a fungi’s cell wall consists of

Chitin

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This substance is what a plant’s cell wall consists of

Cellulose

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This substance is what a protists’ cell wall consists of

Cellulose

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The idea of extraterrestrial origins

Panspermia

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The Earth’s atmosphere consisted mostly of these three gases originally, this was called the ‘‘primitive soup’’

Carbon monoxide, nitrogen gas, water vapour

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The first step in the evolution of cells consisted of the synthesis of small ________ (nonliving) organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides

Abiotic

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The second step of the evolution of cells required small organic molecules to combine into ____________________, including proteins and nucleic acids

Macromolecules

Those are the earliest cells in evolution; similar to archae

Prokaryotic

Appeared 2 BYA; strong peptidoglycan walls; some were photosynthetic (cyano-); no organelles; decisive role in the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere

Bacteria

These cells were the first to have a nucleus and organelles; appeared 1.5 BYA

Eukaryotic

The nucleus originated from the infoldings of the ____________

Plasma membrane

This theory consists of the mitochondrion and chloroplasts being prokaryotes taken in by cells

Endosymbiosis

Those 6 elements make up around 96% of human body weight

C, H, N, O, P, S

5 properties of water important to life

Cohesive behavior, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, lower density of ice, solubility

One hydrogen and one oxygen atom

Hydroxyl

One oxygen atom double-bounded to a carbon atom

Carbonyl

Nitrogen atom bounded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton (basic)

Amino group

O-P-OH where the P is bounded =O and -OH

Phosphate group

Biomolecule; made up of smaller molecules linked through covalent bonds; very large molecules that contain different functional groups; polymers

Macromolecule

The four types of macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

The reverse of condensation; this type of reaction digests polymers and produces monomers; energy bonds are broken; water is required in the process

Hydrolysis

As a result of condensation, two monomers are joined through covalent bonds; energy is required; there is a loss of water in this reaction

Dehydration reaction

Sugars; molecules that contain C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio; empirical formula (CH?O)n; primary role is for energy storage; breaking covalent C-H bonds releases energy

Carbohydrates

Simplest carbohydrates known as simple sugars; the monomers of more complex sugars

Monosaccharides

3-carbon sugars; monosaccharides

Trioses

5-carbon sugars; monosaccharides

Pentoses

6-carbon sugars; monosaccharides

Hexoses

The difference between monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, and fructose

Positioning of OH groups

2 monosaccharides are linked together through a covalent (glycosidic) linkage; less readily broken down (short term storage); sugars are in this form when transported in many plants

Disaccharides

Glucose + fructose = ___________________

Sucrose (table sugar)

Glucose + glucose = ____________________

Maltose (plant sugar)

Glucose + galactose = ____________________

Lactose (milk sugar)

_________________ break disaccharides apart in the intestines

Enzymes

Large chains of monosaccharides; storage of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Four examples of polysaccharides

Starch (plants), glycogen (humans), chitin and cellulose

All the molecules found in this group are insoluble in water (hydrophobic); diverse group of molecules; large number C-H bonds, good for energy storage; protect, insulate, and provide energy

Lipids

Four types of lipids

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, terpenes

Triglycerides, 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains of 14 to 17 C) and 1 glycerol

Neutral fats

Solid fat at room temperature

Saturated fat

Liquid fat at room temperature (have some H's missing and bonds instead)

Unsaturated fat

This type of unsaturated fat is good

Cis

Humans do not have the enzymes to digest this type of unsaturated fats, which is why they accumulate in the arteries, for example

Trans

Similar to neutral fats but 1 fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate; made up of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol and 1 phosphate group; main component of biological membranes; phosphate group is polar (hydrophilic) while fatty acids are non polar (hydrophobic)

Phospholipids

Made up of 4 carbon rings fused together, synthesized in the liver and from it testosterone and other hormones are made

Steroids

Long chained lipids, components of many biologically important pigments such as chlorophyll

Terpenes

Linear polymers, made up of monomers called nucleotides; storage, transmission and use of hereditary information; made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group; nucleotides are joined together by covalent (phosphodiester) bonds

Nucleic acids

Double stranded; sugar deoxyribose, bases: A, G, C, T; complimentary bases A (adenine)-T (thyamine) and G (guanine) -C (cytosine); carries genetic information; double helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Single stranded; sugar ribose; bases: A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine) and U (uracil); 3 types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; transmission of genetic information

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Primary energy currency currency of the cell

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Made up of monomers (building blocks) known as amino acids; one amino acid is linked to another amino acid through covalent (peptide) bonds; some ____________ are made up of a large chain of amino acids, others are made up of more than one chain of amino acids

Proteins

Proteins are made up of those; 20 different __________________make up most proteins; all have some basic skeleton: an amino functional group, a carboxyl functional group, and a side chain (R group); differ in the structure of their side chains (R group); influence the physical and chemical properties of free amino acids and amino acids in proteins

Amino acids

Chain of amino acids; linked together by peptide bonds

Polypeptide

Protein functions (3)

Catalysts, defense, transport (transport small molecules and ions), support, motion, regulation (hormones that serve as messengers), storage

How does DNA become protein matter?

Information stored in DNA is transferred into RNA which in turn transfers the information into protein

Bacteria divide by this process

Binary fission

Where bacterial chromosomes are found

Nucleoid

This forms when a cell divides into two cells (bacterial cell division)

Septum