bio-evolution

Question 0

Evidence of evolution - comparative morphology

Answer 0

Homologous structures - similar ancestor, now have diff functions
Analogous structures- Same function, different origin
Vestigial structures- useless to us now, helpful to the ancestors
Convergent evolution- when distant populations can develop similar structures (analogous)

Question 1

Evidence of evolution- fossils

Answer 1

The deeper (older) you go the simpler the organisms, and the more dissimilar from modern organisms 
Some species exhibit evolution in body structure over time

Question 2

Evidence of evolution- embryology

Answer 2

Vertebrate embryos all look similar in early stages of development

Question 3

Evidence in evolution- biochemistry and genetics

Answer 3

Genetic similarities between organisms genetic codes
All organisms share similar basic biochem processes (DNA as genetic blueprint, rna and ribosomes for translation, roughly same set of 20 amino acids to build proteins, use atp for energy)

Question 4

natural selection

Answer 4

Only the “fittest” are those that survive long enough to reproduce and pass on the adaptations / beneficial mutations that helped them survive long

Question 5

Hardy-Weinberg principle

Answer 5

Under some conditions the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a sexually reproducing population remain constant from one generation to the next

Question 6

Equations

Answer 6

Psqaured+2pq+qsquared = 1

P+q=1

Question 7

P=??

Q=??

Answer 7

P=dominant allele frequency

Q= recessive allele frequency

Question 8

Five factors that contribute to evolutionary change

Answer 8

Mutations
Gene flow
Nonrandom mating
Small population size 
Natural selection

Question 9

Genetic drift

Answer 9

Random change in allele frequencies over time , brought about by chance alone

Question 10

Causes of genetic drift

Answer 10

Founders effect

Population bottleneck

Question 11

Population bottleneck

Answer 11

Drastic reduction in population size brought about by overhunting or natural catastrophes
Change allele frequencies and reduce genetic variation

Question 12

Founder effect

Answer 12

Small number of individuals leave a large population and stables a new isolated population

Question 13

Darwins finches

Answer 13

Finches that travel from mainland Ecuador to the Galápagos Islands – some of them must adapt to a new resource in order to survive

Question 14

Assortative mating

Answer 14

A preference for mates that are similar in appearance

Question 15

How bacteria become resistant / pests become immune to pesticide

Answer 15

Those that have a beneficial mutation will survive long enough to reproduce and pass the mutation to their offspring

Question 16

Selective breeding (artificial selection)

Answer 16

On,y choosing the “best” traits for breeding

Question 17

Inbreeding

Answer 17

Continued breeding of similar individuals

Question 18

Equilibrium population

Answer 18

Idealized population in which allele frequencies don’t change from generation to generation

Question 19

Sexual selection

Answer 19

Type of natural selection that favors traits that help one find a mate

Question 20

Why are unfavorable (to survival) traits appealing to female mates

Answer 20

Female mates think, wow they can survive even though they have bad survival qualities

Question 21

Directional selection

Answer 21

On extreme is favored in the environment and the are the main ones to continue reproducing so the species will evolve in that direction

Question 22

Stabilizing selections

Answer 22

Environment favors the average phenotype

Question 23

Disruptive selection

Answer 23

An area has more than one resource, so two opposite extremes are favored and evolved to