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bio & history > history- asian imperialism > Flashcards

history- asian imperialism Flashcards

1
Q

British East India Company

A

Economic interest in India -> took over India

Has its own army staffed by sepoys (Indian soldiers)

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2
Q

Western influences in India

A

Western education and legal procedures
No caste system
No slavery, etc.

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3
Q

Sepoy Rebellion

A

Rumor spread that new bullets for rifles were greased with fat from cows (sacred to Hindus) or pigs (Muslims can’t eat)
When told to load rifles->sepoys refused to bc they had to bite off cartridges -> arrest sepoys ->sepoys rebel -> brutal fighting on both sides, Britain eventually put down rebellion

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4
Q

What divided India after sepoy rebellion

A

Some wanted independence form British rule, come just wanted more rights under British rule

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5
Q

What happened as a result of the sepoy rebellion

A

British govt took tighter control on india->direct command over India and sent more troops -> British raj (with British viceroy

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6
Q

Why was India considered britains most valuable colony

A

Many raw materials and new markets and customers and people to work

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7
Q

What did Britain prohibit in India to benefit themselves

A

Indians required to produce raw materials (cars crops, no food crops->famine)
Indians must purchase only British goods

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8
Q

Benefits of British colonialism

A

Improved transportation, improved communication, damn/verges/irrigation canals, sanitation and public health improved

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9
Q

Ram Mohun Roy

A

Called for modernization of India politically and socially
Adopt western ways
Believe that unless Indian modernized they’d continue to be controlled by others

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10
Q

Why were Indians mad ->Sparks nationalism

And why did they start a nationalist movement

A 
They hated the system that made them second class citizens in their own country
Schooled in western ideas such as democracy and equality
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11
Q

Two nationalist groups in India

A

Indian national Congress (congress party) and Muslim league

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12
Q

What was the goal of the nationalist groups

A

Independence from British rule

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13
Q

Ideals of Indian national Congress

A

Believed in peaceful protest
Called for a greater democracy
Called for self-rule/home rule
Supported western style modernization

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14
Q

Indian national Congress was primarily…

A

Hindu

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15
Q

Jawaharlal Nehru

A

Leader of the congress party

Became the first prime minister of India

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16
Q

Mohandas K Gandhi ideals

A

Nonviolent civil disobedience
Willing to except the consequences of your actions
Satyagraha= “soul force”

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17
Q

Gandhi’s four general principles

A
  1. live as simply as possible, never striving for material reward
  2. be tolerant of the religious beliefs of others
  3. devote ones like to service of others
  4. battle injustice in all of its forms but never resorting to violence
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18
Q

What is nonviolent civil disobedience

A

Peacefully not obeying unjust laws

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19
Q

Why was the Muslim league formed

A

Didn’t like Hindu domination of the congress party
Worried that Hindu-run government would oppress Muslims
Called for an independent Muslim state

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20
Q

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

A

Head of the Muslim league

Became the first leader of Pakistan

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21
Q

Why did Gandhi only wear homespun clothing

A

Says not to buy clothes from stores because those clothes are British clothes and we shouldn’t give them our money-> make your own clothes instead
Also disobeys law that outlaws Indian textiles

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22
Q

Describe the events of the Amritsar Massacre

A

Thousands of people were meeting and one man was talking about nonviolence and peaceful protest-> British army enters and open fire on unarmed crowd without warning

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23
Q

Effect of the Amritsar Massacre

A

Gandhi requests self-rule and warns British that they simply cannot control the Indians if they choose not to give their cooperation

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24
Q

The salt march

A

What tax does Gandhi decide to fight-> salt tax

How was he going to fight it -> Make his own salt-> shows Britain doesn’t control their lives (bc salt=life )

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25
Q

What happened at Dharasana Salt Works

A

Indians peacefully try to walk in but get beat down by British every time

26
Q

Effect of what happened at Dharasana Salt Works / Salt March

A

Britain is no longer seen as moral and India is basically free
British conference occurs to consider Indian independence

27
Q

Partition of India

A

When India is granted independence by Britain, it is simultaneously partitioned into Pakistan and India

28
Q

Conflict over Kashmir

A

Kashmir had Indian leader -> wants to join India

Kashmir has majority Muslim pop-> wats to join Pakistan

29
Q

Bangladesh

A

During partition, Pakistan is East and West Pakistan on both sides of India
Govt, etc. set up in west Pakistan ->becomes Pakistan today
East Pakistan -> becomes Bangladesh

30
Q

China’s superiority

A

China always produced top quality products that were in high demand in the west, but China was uninterested in products from the west-> Limited contact with the west to one port in the south
China has a favorable balance of trade with the west

31
Q

Define favorable balance of trade

A

When a country exports more than imports

32
Q

What Chinese products were in high demand and what did they trade them for

A

Tea, porcelain, and silk are in high demand and were traded for gold and silver

33
Q

How did china fall behind

A

Because China had limited contact with the west, they missed the industrial revolution (fell behind militarily, and west needed more markets )

34
Q

How did Britain weaken China’s economy by using opium

A

Britain use the opium to turn the balance of trade in their favor-> got Chinese addicted to opium-> Britain treated opium for Chinese tea-> as they got more addicted China gave Britain lots of silver in payment for the drug-> china’s economy weakened

35
Q

Opium war

A

Chinese government outlawed opium and executed drug dealers-> told Britain to stop the trade but Britain refused because right of free trade->opium war->took place mostly at sea->China’s outdated ships were no match for Britains ships->humiliating defeat for China

36
Q

Treaty of Nanjing

A

Peace treaty
Britain received huge indemnity and is,and of Hong Kong
China had to open five ports for trade
British ppl in china are granted extraterritoriality

37
Q

Define extraterritoriality

A

The right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own court
( British were not subject to Chinese law)

38
Q

Unequal treaties

A

Treaty of nanjing was the first of many unequal treaties where western powers took advantage of China

39
Q

Tailing Rebellion

A

Qing dynasty in decline->peasants suffering->peasants revolt (led by Hong Xiuquan) -> hong took over lots of china->eventually put down -> 20-30 million died (one of largest peasant rebellions) -> end result: weakened Qing dynasty

40
Q

Why was modernization so difficult for China

A

There was debate on whether to modernize to western ways or to continue traditional ways

41
Q

Ci Xi

A

Empress who said to strengthen China but keep traditional ways (strengthen China by not changing anything?)

42
Q

What did China eventually do to “change”

A

Self-strengthening movement: some changes but not full western modernization

43
Q

Results of self-strengthening movement

A

Mixed results

Not fully supported

44
Q

What five countries carve out spheres of influence in China

A

Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Japan

45
Q

Open door policy: why was it made

A

Suggested by U.S. to protect our trading rights with China (we feared we’d be shut out if European nations colonized China->we had long time trading relationship with China)

46
Q

Open door policy: what was it

A

China’s “doors” would be open to merchants of all nations: Chinese trade would be open to everyone on an equal basis

47
Q

Results of open door policy

A

Protected US trading rights in China

protected China from formal colonization

48
Q

Hundred days of reform

A

Chinese reformers say to start modernizing government and don’t look back-> conservatives don’t like this-> call Ci Xi back into power -> Ci Xi arrests current emperor and undoes all reforms

49
Q

Boxer rebellion

A

Anti-foreign frustration -> anti-foreigner Chinese group formed called the Righteous harmonious Fists (“the Boxers”) -> want to drive out foreigners-> rebel by attacking foreigners in China and control Beijing for several months-> eventually boxers are put down, but it makes Chinese people realize they must change

50
Q

Beginnings of reform

A

Nationalism causes china to reform and modernize (even though it’s too late)

51
Q

Sun Yixian

A

Wants to rebuild china as a republic

52
Q

Pu Yi

A

2 year old emperor after Ci Xi dies -> chaos breaks out -> Qing dynasty falls -> Sun Yixian becomes president of new a Chinese republic

53
Q

Matthew C Perry

A

From U.S. -> brings letter from U.S. Pres to Japanese shogun->open ports or else-> Japan opens ports and gives into western powers -> makes Japanese ppl mad

54
Q

Mutsuhito

A

Replaces shogun as emperor after revolts against shogun (bc of foreign pressure)
Changed name to Meiji

55
Q

Meiji era

A

Meiji restoration where Japan modernizes / westernized / industrialized

56
Q

Conflict in Korea

A

Eyed by Russia, Japan, and china
Tributary state to china (independent but acknowledged China’s supremacy)
China weakens->Russia advances in -> Japan makes Korea open ports for trade with Japan thru unequal treaty

58
Q

Russo-Japanese War

A

Over Korea and Manchuria
Japan wins->first time an Asian power has beat a European power
Ends with treaty of Portsmouth -> gives Japan control of Korea and parts of Manchuria

59
Q

What changes took place in Japan during Meiji era

A

Adopted the German model for strong centralized government
Western style bureaucracy
Send members of government to study western ways abroad and institute in Japanese government
Improved the economy by building factories, encouraging Japanese business, setting up a banking/post/education system, and telegraphs/railroads / ports

63
Q

Sino-Japanese War

A

Japan began to modernize->joined western powers in making an empire -> defeated china in this war over conflict in Korea ->gained island of Taiwan

64
Q

What problems did Japan face when industrializing

A

Japan had rocky soil and not a lot of resources -> look to Korea and china

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