Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology I > Bio Notes - AI > Flashcards

Bio Notes - AI Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

A science that studies living organisms and their interactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is biostatistics?

A

A group of procedures used by biologists to interpret data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the two types of biostatistics.

A
  • Descriptive
  • Inferential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All organisms consist of cells, which are the smallest units of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the properties of life shared by all organisms?

A
  • Made of cells
  • Capable of processing energy
  • Metabolize
  • Respond to environment
  • Adapt to environment
  • Can reproduce and pass on traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

The total amount of entropy tends to increase in the Universe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do cells need to counteract the tendency of increasing entropy?

A

Continual energy input from food or sunlight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a virus?

A

Considered non-living because they cannot reproduce without a host cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main macromolecules found in cells?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define metabolism.

A

The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The process where cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The process where macromolecules are broken down into their component monomers by hydrolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the general composition of carbohydrates?

A

CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Single sugar molecules, typically represented as (CH2O)n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A
  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

Acts as an energy carrier in metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fill in the blank: The plasma membrane is _______ to hydrophilic substances.

A

impermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of the endomembrane system?

A

To produce, fold, modify, sort, and transport proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Enveloped by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion within the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration and production of ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin protein dimers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
False
26
What is the composition of the cytoskeleton?
Made of proteins that maintain cell shape and anchor organelles.
27
What do saturated fatty acids contain?
No double bonds between carbon atoms.
28
What role do ribosomes play in the cell?
Site of protein synthesis.
29
What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?
Completes protein folding and modifies proteins.
30
What is a major characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
Contain membrane-bound organelles.
31
Fill in the blank: The _______ maintains the cell as a distinct, separate entity.
plasma membrane
32
What is the primary structure of proteins?
Linear sequence of amino acids.
33
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis.
34
What is the function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
Storage of wastes, ions, and water homeostasis.
35
What are the properties of membranes?
* Flexible * Self-sealing * Fluid ## Footnote Membranes can take various shapes, interact to form enclosed environments, and exhibit fluidity influenced by temperature and cholesterol.
36
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
It describes the lateral movement of phospholipids and membrane proteins embedded within the membrane. ## Footnote Integral membrane proteins have hydrophobic sections that interact with the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer.
37
What is selective permeability in membranes?
Membranes are permeable to hydrophobic/non-polar molecules and impermeable to hydrophilic/polar molecules and large macromolecules. ## Footnote This property helps cells maintain homeostasis.
38
What types of transport do membrane-associated proteins facilitate?
* Passive transport (channels, transporters, pores) * Active transport (pumps) * Enzymatic functions * Receptors and signal transduction ## Footnote Transport includes various mechanisms for moving substances across the membrane.
39
What is passive transport?
Movement of molecules down their concentration gradients without energy input. ## Footnote Examples include osmosis, diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules, and facilitated diffusion.
40
What is active transport?
Movement of solutes against their gradients, requiring energy (ATP). ## Footnote Examples include Na+/K+ ATPase pump and H+/ATPase pump.
41
What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump?
It maintains the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane of animal cells. ## Footnote This pump exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions.
42
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
* G0: Quiescence * G1: Gap phase 1 * S: Synthesis * G2: Gap phase 2 * M: Mitosis ## Footnote G1, S, and G2 phases form the interphase.
43
What occurs during prophase of mitosis?
Chromosomes condense, nucleolus disappears, and nuclear envelope breaks down. ## Footnote Chromosomes appear X-shaped; centrosomes move to opposite poles.
44
What is apoptosis?
A genetically controlled process leading to programmed cell death. ## Footnote It involves the activation of caspases, chromatin condensation, and formation of apoptotic bodies.
45
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
* Increases genetic variability * Enhances survival potential in changing environments ## Footnote Variation arises from meiosis, fertilization, and development.
46
What is the role of crossing over during meiosis?
It allows exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity. ## Footnote This occurs during prophase I.
47
What does independent assortment mean in meiosis?
It refers to the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes. ## Footnote This occurs during metaphase I.
48
What is semi-conservative DNA replication?
Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand. ## Footnote This ensures that genetic information is accurately passed on.
49
What is the replication fork?
The Y-shaped structure where DNA synthesis occurs. ## Footnote It involves the simultaneous synthesis of complementary daughter strands.
50
Fill in the blank: The human diploid number is _______.
46 ## Footnote This includes 23 pairs of chromosomes.
51
True or False: Mitosis results in four haploid cells.
False ## Footnote Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells.
52
What is the function of aquaporins?
They facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes. ## Footnote This process is known as facilitated osmosis.
53
What is the replication fork?
Y shaped structure where synthesis of 2 complementary daughter strands occurs simultaneously ## Footnote The synthesis occurs in the 5’ → 3’ direction for both strands.
54
What is required to initiate DNA synthesis?
Primer ## Footnote Primer provides the initial 3’OH, which is essential for DNA replication.
55
What are Okazaki fragments?
Many short DNA segments formed on the lagging strand ## Footnote These fragments are 1000-2000nt in E. coli and 100-200nt in eukaryotes.
56
What type of replication is DNA replication?
Semi conservative ## Footnote Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.
57
What enzyme is responsible for melting or unzipping the parental strands during DNA replication?
Helicase ## Footnote Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix.
58
What is the role of DNA topoisomerase during DNA replication?
Reduces strain (supercoiling) produced by unwinding the parental strands ## Footnote It acts ahead of the replication forks by cutting the DNA strands.
59
What keeps the parental strands apart during DNA replication?
Single-strand binding proteins ## Footnote These proteins prevent the strands from reannealing.
60
In what direction is DNA synthesized?
5’ to 3’ direction ## Footnote DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in this direction.
61
What happens to RNA primers after DNA synthesis?
They are degraded and replaced by DNA ## Footnote This step is catalyzed by DNA polymerase I.
62
What is the problem associated with linear chromosomes during replication?
Overhang of ssDNA ## Footnote The last primer removal cannot be filled in, leading to chromosome shortening.
63
What enzyme solves the problem of telomere shortening?
Telomerase ## Footnote Telomerase adds telomeres to chromosomes during development.
64
What are telomeres?
Sequences at both ends of linear chromosomes consisting of hexanucleotide repeats (AGGGTT) ## Footnote They protect the coding region from being lost with each round of DNA replication.
65
What is the Hayflick limit?
Cells stop dividing as chromosomes reach a critical shorter length ## Footnote This limit is associated with telomere shortening.
66
True or False: Cancer cells typically have low levels of telomerase activity.
False ## Footnote Cancer cells have high levels of telomerase activity, preventing telomere shortening.
67
What role do telomeres play in somatic cells?
Protect coding regions from being lost ## Footnote If telomere length is not maintained, cells can divide about 50 times before losing genetic information.

Biology I (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions