Chapter 6 (Cell Structure and Function) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the basis of biogenesis?
A
cells are only made of pre-existing cells
2
Q
What are the purposes of cellular division? (2)
A
- Reproduction2. Growth and Repair
3
Q
What are the 2 types of cells?
A
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
4
Q
Give me 2 examples of prokaryoticcells
A
BacteriaArchaebacteria
5
Q
What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells? (3)
A
- small- 1 micrometer (10^-6)- no nucleus
6
Q
Give me examples of eukaryotic cells: (4)
A
- fungi- plants- protists- animals
7
Q
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells? (3)
A
- larger- 100 micrometer- have other organelles (membrane bound)
8
Q
Identify each type of cells: [Image]
A
Bigger: eukaryoticsmaller: prokaryotic
9
Q
What are the 3 domains?
A
- bacteria- archae- eukarya
10
Q
Why are viruses considered non-living?
A
Because they can’t replicate/reproduce w/o a host cell
11
Q
What are the characteristics of viruses? (2)
A
- small: 10-20 nanometers (10^-9m)- have SOME properties of life
12
Q
Are viruses considered dead cells?
A
NO, because they retain some properties of life
13
Q
What are the properties of life that viruses have? (4)
A
- consists of genetic information (DNA/RNA)- contained within a protein shell: capsid-have specializedenzymes - proteinsthat allow host specific infection and replication- some capsid have additional membranous envelope from the host cell
14
Q
What role does nucleic acid play in viruses?
A
Contains information for replicating viral particles, including the capsid and other viral proteins.
15
Q
What is the protein shell that viruses are contained within called?
A
Capsid
16
Q
What do specialized enzymes - proteins allow in viruses?
A
host specific infection and replication
17
Q
Viruses replicate or divide?
A
Replicate
18
Q
What is the basis of biogenesis?
A
all cells are made of pre-existing cells
19
Q
Size range of cells?
A
1-100 micrometer
20
Q
What are the two main types of microscopes used to observe cells?
A
- Light: visible light optics (lenses), live specimens w/ limited resolution and magnification, colored image- Electronic: electron optics (magnets), fixed specimens (dead), better resolution and magnification, b&w [Image]
21
Q
3 characteristics of the plasma membrane (PM):
A
✔️ 9nm, phospholipid bilayer + proteins (animal) / + cholesterol (plant)✔️ Semi permeable or selectively permeable✔️ Transport proteins to let hydrophilic molecules pass
22
Q
Prokaryotes DON’T have _____________
A
Membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles:❌ Nucleus❌ Mitochondria❌ GolgiEtc.
23
Q
List the 7 parts of a prokaryotic cell - bacteriaand their function:
A
- Nucleoid (contains DNA - single circular chromosome)2. Ribosomes (protein synthesis)3. Plasma membrane4. Flagella (locomotion - allow motion)5. Cell wall(peptidoglycan)6. Capsule (sticky polysaccharide) with ⬇️7. Pili(attachment) [Image]
24
Q
Which type of eukaryotic cell(s) is mitochondria present - cellular respiration?
A
✅ plant✅ animal
25
Which type of eukaryotic cell(s) is chloroplast present - photosynthesis?
✅ plant❌ animal
26
Which type of eukaryotic cell(s) is cell wall present?
✅ plant❌ animal
27
Which eukaryotic cell(s) have centrosome?
Plant and Animal
28
Which eukaryotic cell(s) have centrioles?
ONLY animal cells
29
What is the centrosome called in plant cells?
MTOC - microtubules organizing center
30
Which organelles does the storage and treatment of waste in plant and animal cells?
Plant: vacuole (H2O regulation - homeostasis)Animal: lysosome
31
Which eukaryotic cell has flagella and cilia?
animal cells
32
What does the cell wall prevent the plant cell from doing/having?
- phagocytosis- flagella- cilia
33
List all the organelles present in eukaryotic cells (precise if only in animal or plant) ➡️ 11
Nucleus:1. Nucleus2. Nucleolus3. Nuclear envelope Endomembrane system:4. RER5. SER6. Golgi7. Lysosome (animal)8. Vacuole (plants)Organelles w/ role in metabolism:9. Mitochondria10. Chloroplasts11. Peroxisome
34
Describe the functions of all 3 organelles that make the nucleus:
1. Nucleus:➡️ holds DNA information➡️ site for DNA replication➡️ chromatin2. Nucleolus (in the nucleus kind of like the lava inside the earth):➡️ rRNA synthesis (r for ribosomal)➡️ forms ribosome3. Nuclear envelope:➡️ double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayer)➡️ Has pores that allows passage of molecule from the cytoplasm [Image]
35
What is the role of the endomembrane system?
produce, fold, modify, sort and transport proteins
36
Function of RER (2)
1. Has ribosomes ➡️ That’s why its called ROUGH ER2. Protein synthesis
37
Function of SER: (4)
1. no ribosomes ➡️ SMOOTH2. Lipid synthesis: phospholipids, steroid, cholesterol3. Detoxification4. Stores Ca2+ ➡️ Muscle fibres
38
Function of Golgi (2)
1. Protein folding and modification2. Sorting and shipping
39
Where does lysosome originate from?
Golgi!
40
What are lysosomes and what do they contain inside?
Vesicle that transport hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of macromolecules
41
What are the two processes where lysosomes are involved in?
1. Phagocytosis ➡️ Digestion of large food molecules2. Autophagy
42
What is autophagy?
“eat own self” ➡️ Lysosome fuses with an old organelles or proteins to break them down and recycle them
43
What is the “equivalent” of lysosome for plant cells?
Vacuole
44
Function of vacuoles (2)
1. Storage of wastes2. H2O homeostasis
45
Flow chart of endomembrane system
[Image]
46
Explain each step of the endomembrane system (5)
- DNA : Template for making RNA (proteins)- mRNA : goes from nucleus to the cytoplasm carrying the genetic code to …➡️ cytoplasm filled (synthesis of proteins w/ ribosomes)➡️ RER (synthesis of proteins w/ ribosomes)- RER➡️ SER (lipid synthesis)➡️ Sends proteins to Golgi- Golgi: packages proteins from transport➡️ Lysosome/Vacuole (hydrolytic enzymes)➡️ Secretory vesicles- Secretory vesicles➡️ PM (secretory proteins, out of cell)➡️ PM (membrane proteins)
47
What are the two organelles that have a role in metabolism and state which cell they are located in:
- Mitochondria ➡️ all eukaryotic cells- Chloroplasts ➡️ Plant cells
48
Function of mitochondria? (2)
1. ATP synthesis2. Cellular metabolism
49
Function of chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
50
What do both chloroplast and mitochondria have in common? (3)
- double membrane- ribosomes- DNA
51
What is the endosymbiont theory?
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria originate from bacteria
52
What did mitochondria originate from?
ancestral aerobic bacteria
53
What did chloroplasts originate from?
ancestral photosynthesis bacteria
54
Function of peroxisomes (2)
1. Detoxification of O2 radicals2. Breaks down fatty acids (catabolic)
55
List the 3 cells in which we find cell wall and name them: (3)
1. Plants: cellulose2. Fungi: Chitin3. Bacteria: peptidoglycan
56
Do bacteria’s have cytoskeleton?
NOOOO
57
Which type of cell is cytoskeleton present?
Eukaryotic cells
58
What are the filaments of cytoskeleton made of?
Proteins!
59
What are the 3 types of filaments that cytoskeleton is made of?
Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
60
Microfilaments are … (3)
1. Made of actin2. Dynamic (grow and shrink)3. Associated with PM (cortex)
61
Functions of microfilamments (4)
1. Shape the microvilli2. Cell movement ➡️ phagocytosis3. Muscle contraction ➡️ actin-myosin4. Cell division ➡️ Actomyosin ring during cytokinesis
62
Functions of intermediate filaments: (3)
1. strength and shape of cells2. anchors organelles (holds them in place)3. form nuclear lamina [Image]
63
Are intermediate filaments dynamic?
No, they are flexible
64
Microtubules grow at _________ (3)
1. centrosomes2. microtubules organizing center (MTOC ~ plant cells) 3. basal bodies (base of flagella and cilia)
65
Functions of microtubules: (3)
1. Shape and movement ➡️ flagella and cilia2. cell division ➡️ forms mitotic spindle (Kinetochore MT and polar MT)3. organelle movement ➡️ “tracks” for vesicles & organelles
66
Are MT dynamic?
YES
67
Does cell division require energy?
Yes, it requires ATP hydrolysis
68
Does cell movement require energy?
Yes, it needs ATP hydrolysis!
69
Which type of cell(s) is PM present in?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
70
Which type of cell(s) is nuclear envelope and nucleus present in?If not present name the alternative, if there is.
❌ Prokaryotic ➡️ not true nucleus, nucleoid✅ Eukaryotic
71
Which type of cell(s) are chromosomes (w/ DNA) present in?
Prokaryotic: single circular DNA molecule in nucleoidEukaryotic: many made of chromatin in nucleus
72
Which type of cell(s) is nucleolus present in?
ONLY eukaryotic
73
Which type of cell(s) are ribosomes present in?
BOTH
74
Which type of cell(s) is the endomembrane system organelles present in?
ONLY eukaryotic cells
75
Which type of cell(s) is microtubules present in?
ONLY eukaryotic cells!! SINCE PROKARYOTIC CELLS DONT HAVE CYTOSKELETON!
76
Which type of cell(s) are centrioles present in?
Only animal cells
77
Which type of cell(s) is basal bodies (flagella and cilia) present in?
ONLY animal [Image]
78
Which type of cell(s) is flagella and cilia present in?
Prokaryotic: flagellum not covered by PMEukaryotic only animal NOT IN PLANT (because of cell wall)
79
Which type of cell(s) is central vacuole present in?
Plant cells ONLY
80
Which type of cell(s) is cell wall present in?
Prokaryotic and ONLY plant cells
81
Which type of cell(s) is capsule present in?
ONLY prokaryotic
82
Cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic ➡️ binary fissionEukaryotic ➡️ mitosis
83
True or false: Proteins that functions within the cytoplasm are synthesized in the nucleolus.
False!✔ mRNA carries the instructions (not proteins) to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes float and make proteins.✔ The nucleolus makes ribosomes, not proteins.✔ Proteins that stay in the cytosol are made by free ribosomes, not the rough ER.
