Bio Test 1a

Question 1

aldehyde group

Answer 1

where a c double binds to oxygen and single bonds to hydrogen

Question 2

ketone group

Answer 2

where a carbon is double bonded to oxygen

Question 3

amphipathic

Answer 3

when one side of fatty acid is hydrophillic and the other is hydrophobic

Question 4

triglycerides

Answer 4

have a glycerol backbone

Question 5

saturated fat is

Answer 5

a semi-solid at room temp

Question 6

unsaturated fat is

Answer 6

a fluid at room temp

Question 7

isoprene

Answer 7

cholesterol and testosterone

Question 8

biological functions of lipids

Answer 8

1. phospholipids are main structural function of membranes
2. fats are source of energy
3. fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) are essential nutrients stored in liver and fatty acids
4. cell signaling

Question 9

lipase

Answer 9

enzyme that breaks down fats

Question 10

cell membrane

Answer 10

5 nanometers thinks, hydrophillic head and hydrophobic fatty acid

Question 11

phosphate that is on the extracellular side of cell

Answer 11

phosphatidylcholine

Question 12

phosphate that is on the cytosolic side of cell

Answer 12

phosphatidylinositol

Question 13

what is the cell membrane made up of?

Answer 13

phospholipid
cholesterol
glycolipid

Question 14

What is in the major component in the cell cortex?

Answer 14

Spectrin

Question 15

what do membrane domains do?

Answer 15

are locally confined and form functionally specialized regions

Question 16

what are the membrane domains?

Answer 16

cell cortex
extracellular matrix
sharing proteins with other cells
diffusion barrier

Question 17

intestinal epithelial cell

Answer 17

divided into apical and basolateral domains

Question 18

detergents are…

Answer 18

ampipathic (ex: SDS and Triton X-100)

Question 19

basic structure of lipids

Answer 19

glycerol and fatty acid

Question 20

head of lipid is made up of:

Answer 20

polar group, phosphate and glycerol

Question 21

cells are asymmetrical because…

Answer 21

phosphatidycholine is more abundant on the extracellular side and phosphatidylinositol is more abundant on the cytosolic side

Question 22

protein structure

Answer 22

alpha carbon in middle, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain

Question 23

how many acidic proteins? what are they?

Answer 23

2: Aspartic acid and glutamic acid

Question 24

how many basic proteins? what are they?

Answer 24

3: arginine, lysine and histidine

Question 25

how many polar proteins? what are they?

Answer 25

5: asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine and tyrosine

Question 26

how many nonpolar proteins? what are they?

Answer 26

10: alanine, glycine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan and cysteine

Question 27

aspartic acid

Answer 27

acidic, asp, D

Question 28

glutamic acid

Answer 28

acidic, glu, E

Question 29

arginine

Answer 29

basic, arg, R

Question 30

lysine

Answer 30

basic, lys, K

Question 31

histidine

Answer 31

basic, his, H

Question 32

asparagine

Answer 32

polar, asn, N

Question 33

glutamine

Answer 33

polar, gln, Q

Question 34

serine

Answer 34

polar, ser, S

Question 35

threonine

Answer 35

polar, thr, T

Question 36

tyrosine

Answer 36

polar, tyr, Y

Question 37

alanine

Answer 37

nonpolar, ala, A

Question 38

glycine

Answer 38

nonpolar, gly, G

Question 39

valine

Answer 39

nonpolar, val, V

Question 40

leucine

Answer 40

nonpolar, leu, L

Question 41

isoleucine

Answer 41

nonpolar, ile, I

Question 42

proline

Answer 42

nonpolar, pro, P

Question 43

phenylalanine

Answer 43

nonpolar, phe, F

Question 44

methionine

Answer 44

nonpolar, met, M

Question 45

tryptophan

Answer 45

nonpolar, trp, W

Question 46

cysteine

Answer 46

nonpolar, cys, C

Question 47

what are the two ends of an amino chain?

Answer 47

amino terminus and carboxyl terminus

Question 48

the amino acids are attached by what kind of bonds?

Answer 48

peptide bonds

Question 49

Why do the amino chains go through condensation when connecting to eachother?

Answer 49

This is because they have to lose a water molecule in order to attach.

Question 50

What are the five forces that form the structure of amino acids?

Answer 50

``` hydrogen bonds disulfide bridge or covalent bonds ionic bonds van der walls attraction hydrophobic force ```

Question 51

what is the primary structure of proteins?

Answer 51

amino acid sequence

Question 52

what is the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 52

alpha helix and beta sheet

Question 53

dimer

Answer 53

protein made of two identical proteins

Question 54

tetramer

Answer 54

protein made of four identical proteins

Question 55

alpha helix

Answer 55

formed by many hydrogen bonds, lots of space and flexibility

Question 56

beta sheet

Answer 56

formed by many hydrogen bonds, hold sheets together, very strong

Question 57

denaturation

Answer 57

when a material comes in contact with protein and unfolds it

Question 58

chaperones

Answer 58

assist protein folding in the cell

Question 59

prion proteins

Answer 59

special infectious mis-folded proteins, cause scrapie and mad cow

Question 60

functions of extracellular proteins

Answer 60

``` structural proteins (collagens) enzymes (lysozyme) growth factor (fibroblast growth factor) immune response (antibodies) ```

Question 61

functions of membrane proteins

Answer 61

``` transporters (ion channels) anchors (integrins) receptors (growth factor receptors) enzymes (adenylyl cyclase) recognition (glycoproteins) ```

Question 62

functions of intracellular proteins

Answer 62

``` enzymes (catalase) structural proteins (actin filament, spectrin) motor proteins (myosin) receptors (hormone receptors) signal transduction (kinase) special functions (DNA binding proteins) ```

Question 63

antibody

Answer 63

called immunoglobin (Ig), has unique Y shape, tetramer composed of two short chains and two long chains, variable domain on ends of Y where specific antigens bind

Question 64

centrifugation

Answer 64

process by which you take a sample of something and separate its contents by size and density

Question 65

homogenization

Answer 65

plasma membrane of cells can be ruptured so cell contents can be released to create extract

Question 66

types of homogenization

Answer 66

ultrasound detergent force cells through small hole grinding by plunger in tight-fit tube

Question 67

types of chromatography

Answer 67

ion exchange chromatography gel filtration chromatography affinity chromatography

Question 68

ion exchange chromatography

Answer 68

separates proteins by charges

Question 69

gel filtration chromatography

Answer 69

separates proteins by size

Question 70

affinity chromatography

Answer 70

separates proteins by the binding capacity to the packed protein