Sociology test 2

Question 1

primary sex characteristics

Answer 1

genitals, organs used for reproduction

Question 2

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 2

bodily development, apart from genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males

Question 3

gender

Answer 3

element of culture and refers to personal traits and patterns of behavior that a culture attaches to being female or male

Question 4

intersexual people

Answer 4

people whose bodies have both female and male characteristics

Question 5

transsexuals

Answer 5

people who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are the other

Question 6

incest taboo

Answer 6

an norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

Question 7

asexuality

Answer 7

a lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex

Question 8

what gives sexual orientation?

Answer 8

society and biology

Question 9

sexual issues and controversies

Answer 9

teen pregnancy
pornography
prostitution
sexual violence

Question 10

queer theory

Answer 10

body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in US society

Question 11

heterosexism

Answer 11

view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as queer

Question 12

deviance

Answer 12

recognized violation of cultural norms

Question 13

social control

Answer 13

attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior

Question 14

social foundations of deviance

Answer 14

• deviance varies according to cultural norms
• people become deviant as others define them that way
• how societies set norms and how they define rule breaking both involve social power

Question 15

Durkheim’s Theory

Answer 15

• deviance affirms cultural values and norms
• responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
• responding to deviance brings people together
• deviance encourages social change

Question 16

Merton’s strain theory

Answer 16

deviance lies on whether a society provides the means to achieve cultural goals. Done in four ways: innovation, ritualism, retreatism, conformity and rebellion.

Question 17

innovation

Answer 17

using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal

Question 18

ritualism

Answer 18

people may not care about becoming rich but rigidly stick to rules anyway to feel respectable

Question 19

retreatism

Answer 19

rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means so that a person in effect drops out

Question 20

rebellion

Answer 20

reject both cultural definition of success and conventional means of achieving it, but they go one step further by forming counterculture supporting alternatives

Question 21

deviant subcultures

Answer 21

criminal
conflict
retreatist
delinquent

Question 22

labeling theory

Answer 22

idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

Question 23

stigma

Answer 23

powerfully negative lavel that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity

Question 24

retrospective labeling

Answer 24

interpreting someone’s past in light of some present deviance

Question 25

projective labeling

Answer 25

using person's deviant identity to predict future actions

Question 26

medicalization of deviance

Answer 26

transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

Question 27

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory

Answer 27

person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior

Question 28

Hirschi's Control Theory

Answer 28

states that social control depends on people anticipating the consequences of their behavior linked conformity to four types of social control: attachment, opportunity, involvement and belief

Question 29

Social-Conflict Theory

Answer 29

``` deviance and power deviance and capitalism white-collar crime corporate crime organized crime ```

Question 30

white-collar crime

Answer 30

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

Question 31

corporate crime

Answer 31

the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

Question 32

organized crime

Answer 32

a business supplying illegal goods or services

Question 33

types of crime

Answer 33

crimes against the person crimes against property victimless crime

Question 34

types of punishment

Answer 34

retribution deterrence rehabilitation societal protection

Question 35

retribution

Answer 35

an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by crime

Question 36

deterrence

Answer 36

attempt to discourage criminality through use of punishment

Question 37

rehabilitation

Answer 37

program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses; motivates offender to conform

Question 38

societal protection

Answer 38

rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution

Question 39

types of reform after prison

Answer 39

probation shock probation parole

Question 40

intragenerational social mobility

Answer 40

change in social position occurring during person''s lifetime

Question 41

intergenerational social mobility

Answer 41

upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents

Question 42

relative poverty

Answer 42

lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more

Question 43

absolute poverty

Answer 43

lack of resources that is life-threatening

Question 44

true hermaphrodite

Answer 44

one testicle, one ovary, penis and uterus/half-uterus

Question 45

male pseudo hermaphrodite

Answer 45

chromosome of male, but have vagina and clitoris, do not have ovaries but testicles instead

Question 46

female pseudo hermaphrodite

Answer 46

female chromosomes, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, but externally male

Question 47

explanations for deviance

Answer 47

biological | personality

Question 48

what does a person look like if looks deviant?

Answer 48

different colored eyes, long arms, lots of hair, crooked nose, large lips, well defined ears

Question 49

endomorph

Answer 49

roundness, long limbs, soft skin, shorter

Question 50

mesomorph

Answer 50

more muscle, bone, connective tissue

Question 51

ectomorph

Answer 51

fragile people, long and tall

Question 52

containment theory

Answer 52

we are equally predisposed to deviant behavior, but some of us have ability to control our actions better than others