Bio Test 2

Question 1

heterochromatin

Answer 1

condensed non-coding DNA, very compact, don’t open for transcription, black areas in nucleus

Question 2

euchromatin

Answer 2

loose DNA, white parts in nucleus, many genes, active transcription

Question 3

nuclear envelope

Answer 3

has 2 layers of membranes (2 bilayers)

Question 4

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

extension from nuclear membrane, single layer organelle, 10% of cell

Question 5

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

contains ribosomes; protein translation, folding and transport

Question 6

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

no ribosomes; synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbs

Question 7

golgi apparatus

Answer 7

lipid synthesis, pancake-like structure, protein modification and packaging and sorting, proteins move from inside cell to outside

Question 8

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

special type of smooth ER found in muscle, contains Ca+ which are released for muscle contraction

Question 9

mitochondria

Answer 9

double membrane organelle, have DNA, glucose used to form ATP

Question 10

chloroplast

Answer 10

double membrane organelle, have DNA, use carbon dioxide and light to create glucose

Question 11

lysosome

Answer 11

containing digestive enzymes, digestive center, homogenous, maintain acidic environment by pumping in H+ ions

Question 12

peroxisome

Answer 12

containing enzymes that break down long fatty acid chains, detoxification center

Question 13

antibodies

Answer 13

produced by b-cells or b lymphocytes, coat pathogen which are then detected by WBC to engulf them to being them to the lysosome to break down

Question 14

affinity chromatography

Answer 14

beads coated with antibodies to purify antigen

Question 15

immunostaining

Answer 15

primary antibody and secondary antibody

Question 16

nucleolus

Answer 16

rRNA synthesis, assembly of ribosomal subunits

Question 17

plasma membrane

Answer 17

encloses the cell

Question 18

cytoplasm

Answer 18

fills interior of cell

Question 19

genetic material within cell

Answer 19

prokaryote: circular form
eukaryotes: linear form (helix)

Question 20

what determines the diffusion rate of molecules

Answer 20

size and solubility

Question 21

readily diffused molecules

Answer 21

small hydrophobic molecules

small uncharged polar molecules

Question 22

impermeable molecules

Answer 22

ions

larger uncharged polar molecules

Question 23

types of membrane transport proteins

Answer 23

transporter

channel proteins

Question 24

transporter proteins

Answer 24

have specific binding sites for ions and compounds, carry it across membrane

Question 25

channel protein

Answer 25

mainly for ions by size and charge, opens and closes to allow molecule through

Question 26

passive transport

Answer 26

doesn't require energy, goes with concentration gradient

Question 27

active transport

Answer 27

does require energy, goes against concentration gradient

Question 28

types of active transporters

Answer 28

coupled transporter ATP-driven pump light-driven pump

Question 29

coupled transporter

Answer 29

uses energy from one molecule to facilitate the other other molecule against the concentration gradient

Question 30

ATP-driven pump

Answer 30

ion pump, changes formation of protein, one moves against concentration gradient

Question 31

light-driven pump

Answer 31

mainly in bacteria, uses energy from light to move substance against concentration gradient

Question 32

Na+-K+ pump

Answer 32

example of coupled transport uses ATP to pump Na+ out and K+ in 30% of ATP consumed by carrier protein cyclic action of carrier protein

Question 33

concentrations higher on outside the cell

Answer 33

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-

Question 34

concentrations higher inside the cell

Answer 34

K+, H+

Question 35

electrochemical gradient

Answer 35

concentration gradient + membrane potential

Question 36

symport

Answer 36

transport 2 molecules in same direction

Question 37

example of symport

Answer 37

glucose-NA+ | driven by Na+ electrochemical gradient

Question 38

ion channels

Answer 38

``` ion selectivity requires specific signal to open or close more then 10^6 ions pass through per sec change membrane potential force other ions channels to open or close in millisecond generate electric signal across membrane will only accept one kind of ion mainly for Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca2+ ```

Question 39

ion selectivity

Answer 39

depends on diameter and shape of ion channel and the distribution of charged amino acids in lining

Question 40

gated ion channel

Answer 40

channel that requires specific signal to open or close

Question 41

patch-clamp recording

Answer 41

technique used to study behavior of ion channels

Question 42

process of patch-clamping

Answer 42

glass microelectrode (d=1 micrometer) attach to cell membrane detach patch which contains ion channels metal wires connected to beaker and glass microelectrode apply voltage and record current with oscilloscope test effects of chemicals or membrane conditions