Biochem Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
________ is an isomer of citrate; (Citrate->Isocitrate)
A
Aconitase
2
Q
Dementia, dermatitism diarrhea and death are associated with ______________
A
Pellegra; Associated with the 4 D’s
3
Q
____________ is associated with a vitamin B1 deficiency
A
Beriberi
4
Q
__________ is associated with steroid hormones
A
Cholesterol
5
Q
+RNA is an __________
A
Anticodon
6
Q
_____ is associated with the amount of substrate required
A
Km
7
Q
Sugar associated with ATP
A
Ribose
8
Q
Billary atresia is associated with ________
A
Vitamin D
biliary atresia occurs in infants when the bile cannot flow into the intestine, so it builds up in the liver and damages it. This can cause jaundice and it can lead to liver failure.
9
Q
Unable to breakdown Valine leads to ___________
A
Maple Syrup urine deficiency
10
Q
A lilac colored rash around the eyes and mouth is associated with _________
A
Copper
11
Q
___________ is derived from Testosterone
A
Estradiol
12
Q
Rash around the nose and lips is associated with ________
A
Zinc
13
Q
Citrate is an ________
A
Inhibitor/activator
14
Q
_________ has multiple isoenzymes in the human body
A
Creatine kinase
15
Q
Cretinism is due to ________
A
Iodine deficiency
16
Q
___________ is a co-factor in Factor-2 (Prothrombin)
A
Vitamin K
17
Q
Which amino acid does not exist in a L or D formation?
A
Glycine
18
Q
Branched Chain Amino Acids
A
“LIV”
-Leucine
-Isoleucine
-Valine
19
Q
Phenylalanine can be converted to __________
A
Tyrosine
20
Q
PKU (Phenyl Ketone Urea) is a ________ Disease
A
Metabolic
21
Q
___________ begins the translation process
A
Methionine
22
Q
Tyrosine is a precursor to:
A
L-Dopa (Dopamine), Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Melanin (Skin Pigment)
23
Q
Tyrosinase is the precursor that changes tyrosine into _____
A
L-Dopa
24
Q
Tryptophan is the precursor for:
A
Serotonin and Niacin
25
Niacin is the precursor for:
NAD+, NADP+
26
_________ is the peptide bond for proteins and amino acids
Peptidyl Transferase
27
Serotonin is a AA precursor for:
Tryptophan
28
Histamine is an AA precursor for:
Histidine
29
Sulfur containing AAs
Methionine, cysteine
30
Amino aids with an aromatic “ring”
Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine
31
Primary protein structure
Linear sequence of AAs
32
Secondary Structure of Protein*
Alpha-helices, and Beta-pleated sheaths
33
Tertiary Structure of Protein
-Single polypeptide, which folds to form globular proteins
-Ex. Myoglobin
34
Quaternary structure of protein
Multiple polypeptides coming together
-Ex. Hemoglobin
35
Enzymes: _____ rate of a reaction & _____ activation energy
Increase; Decrease
36
Km
Substrate concentration
37
Decreased km leads to ______ affinity b/w enzyme and substrate
High
38
Competitive inhibitors bind to:
The active site
39
Non-competitive inhibitors binds to:
Something other than the active site (change activity of enzyme)
40
Allosteric enzymes have a ________ curve
Sigmoidal
41
Transferases are _________ and Add/Remove _______
Kinases; Phosphate
-ATP->ADP + PI
-ADP + PI->ATP
42
Ligases are _____ and Add ________
Carboxylase; CO2
43
Lyase is a _______; Removes ______
Decarboxylase; CO2
44
ATP->ADP + PI is an example of a _______
Transferase
45
Pyruvate Carboxylase (Pyruvate + CO2->Oxaloacetate) is an example of a _______ and is important in __________
Ligase; Glyconeogenesis
46
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Acetyl CoA + CO2 ->Malonyl CoA) is an example of a _______ and is an important reaction in ________
Ligase; Fat Synthesis
47
What coenzyme is needed for AA transferase and GPT
Vitamin B6
(Pyrodoxine)
48
High GPT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) is associated with:
Liver damage
49
Coenzyme for Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
Biotin
(Vitamin B7)
50
The Alanine Shuttle is important for moving _______ from the _______ to _______
Nitrogen; Muscle; Liver
51
What vitamin is important for hydroxylation & collagen formation
Vitamin C
52
What is Vitamin B1 also called?
Thiamine
53
The active form of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
TPP (Thiamine pyrophosphate)
54
Thiamine creates a ________ Reaction
Oxidative/decaroxylation
55
A deficiency in Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) is associated with:
Beri Beri
56
Vitamin B2 is also known as
Riboflavin
57
Active forms of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
FAD, FADH2, FMN/FMNH2
58
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is a _________ reaction
Oxidation reduction
59
Vitamin B3 is also known as
Niacin
60
The active forms of Niacin include:
NAD+/NADH & NADP/NADPH
61
Niacin is an _______ reaction
Oxidation reduction
62
A Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency is associated with:
Pellegra
63
Vitamin B5 is also known as:
Pantothenic acid
64
Pantothenic acid is a ______ reaction
Coenzyme A
65
Vitamin B6 is also known as:
Pyridoxine
66
The active form of pyroxidine is
Pyridoxal phosphate
67
Pyroxidine is a _______ Reaction
Transamination*
68
Biotin is a ______ reaction
Carboxylation
69
Vitamin C is also known as _______
Ascorbic acid
70
Vitamin C is a ____ reaction
Collagen
71
Name the fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
72
Match the fat-soluble vitamin with it’s function/deficiency: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
1. Vision; Night Blindness
2. Lipid Antioxidant; “Possible” anemia, sterility
3. Blood clotting/Thrombin formation; Clotting disorders
4. Calcium/Phosphate Levels; Osteomalacia/Ricketts
1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin E
3. Vitamin K
4. Vitamin D
73
Which two vitamins are involved in keeping RBCs together?
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
74
Which vitamins are considered to be antioxidants?
“ACES”
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Selenium
75
Which monosaccharide is the only pentose (5C)?
Ribose (aldopentose)
76
Every monosaccharide is a aldehyde, EXCEPT:
Fructose (Ketohexose)
77
Name the pairings of an RNA molecule?
A-U*, G-C
78
Insulin functions to _____ blood glucose:
Increase
79
Insulin stimulates _______ pathways, which include:
Anabolic; Glycogen synthesis & fatty acid synthesis
80
Glucagon ______ blood glucose and stimulates ______ pathways, including:
Decreases; Catabolic; Fat and glycogen breakdown
81
Fat breakdown is stimulated by which neurotransmitter:
Epinephrine
82
Glucose + Fructose =
Sucrose
83
Name the two plant starches:
Amylose & amylopectin
84
An aldehyde always starts at carbon ___, whereas a ketone always starts at carbon ___
1;2
85
C2 epimers
Glucose & mannose
86
Monomers
Glucose + Fructose
87
Lecithin is also called
Phosphatidylcholine
-Crucial in the prevention of liver disease
88
Essential fatty acids
Linoleic acid, arachadonic acid, linolenic acid
89
End product of fatty acid synthesis
Malonyl CoA
90
Cholesterol is the precursor to ______ hormones
Steroid
91
Steroids are _____ soluble
Fat
92
Polypeptide hormones
Insulin & glucagon
93
Rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol
HMG CoA reductase
94
DNA nitrogenous pairings
A-T, G-C
“At The Golf Course”
95
A nucleocide contains a:
Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base
96
A nucleotide contains a:
Phosphate group
97
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
98
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
99
Animal starch (stored in liver & muscle)
Glycogen
100
What is the primary fat that we ingest?
Triglycerols
101
Precursor molecules of cholesterol
“MASH”
-Mevalonate, Acetyl CoA, Squalene, HMG CoA
102
Which lipoprotein is associated with dietary fat transport, from intestinal mucosa?
Chylomicrons
103
Which lipoprotein transports endogenous lipids from the liver to body and has the lowest % of protein?
VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein)
104
Which Lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver to the body?
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
105
Which lipoprotein removes excess “free” cholesterol from the blood?
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
106
Enzymes are _________ comprised of _________ together in one or more polypeptide chains
proteins; amino acids
107
Amino acids are all in L-form, EXCEPT:
Glycine
108
______ determines AA function
R group/side chain structure
109
Name the Essential Amino Acids
PVT TIM HALL
-Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine
110
Which essential amino acid is only essential in a child
Methionine
111
Purely ketogenic amino acids
Lycine and Leucine
“Lucy Lies to get the keys’
112
Precursor to carnitine*
Lysine
113
_______ take FA into mitochondira for B-oxidation
Carnitine
“Drives car in”
114
Aromatic amino acids
Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan
“Your pal Tyrone will Tryp you in the ring”
115
Tryptophan has a ________ ring
Indole
116
Sulfur-containing amino acids
Cysteine, methionine, cystine (2 cysteine)
“To be an MCC, you have to have soul”
117
Insulin is composed of ______ bonds
Disulfide
118
Components of an amino acid
-Central alpha carbon, hydrogen, carboxyl group, amine group, R-group
119
_________ does not contain a chiral carbon
Glycine
120
Acidic amino acids
Aspartate and Glutamate
“A City of Ass and Glutes”
121
________ contains aspartic acid, which in excess can be neurotoxic
Aspartame
122
Basic amino acids
Histidine, Arginine, Lysine
“HAL lives on a base”
123
Complete proteins are derived from _______; Incomplete proteins are derived from _______
Animals; Plants
124
Condition as a result of the inability to convert L-dopa into melanin?
Albinism
125
Precursor of T3,T4
Tyrosine
126
Tripeptide of Glycine + Glutamate + Cysteine
Glutathione
127
Mineral for enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase
Selenium
128
Anti-oxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide
Glutathione peroxidase
129
2 polypeptide chains linked by a disulfide bond
Insulin
130
Catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
“Ine”
131
Steroids
Testosterone, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone
“..ones”
132
Catecholamines are made in the _______
Adrenal medulla
133
G+ is a reaction that is _________ & considered ________
Non-spontaneous/unfavorable; Endogenic
“Bad Date”: Lots of energy/nothing in return
134
G- reaction is a reaction that is ______ & considered _____
Spontaneous/favorable; Exogenic
“Good Date”: No energy/lots in return
135
Deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase
PKU
136
Km is a measure of:
Substate affinity
137
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is associated with a deficiency in which vitamin?
B1
138
Cheilosis is caused by a deficiency in which vitamin?
B2 (Riboflavin)
139
Megaloblastic anermia is associated in a deficiency in which vitamin?
Folic Acid (B9)
140
Folic acid involves a ______ reaction
Methylation
141
Pernicious anemia & posterolateral sclerosis (combined systems disease) are caused by a deficiency of:
Cobalamin (B12)
*Also megaloblastic anemia
142
Reaction of Ascorbic acid
-Hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen; enhances iron absorption
143
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of:
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
144
Which vitamin deficiency is associated with fragile blood vessels?
Vitamin C
145
1 FAD/FADH = ___ ATP
2
146
1 NAD/NADH = ___ ATP
3
147
Deficiency of _______ = Neural Tube Defect
Folic Acid
148
Which Fat soluble vitamin is associated with retinal/retinoic acid?
A. Vit A
B. Vit D
C. Vit E
D. Vit K
A. Vit A
149
Alpha-tocopherol is the active form of what fat soluble vitamin?
A. Vit A
B. Vit D
C. Vit E
D. Vit K
C. Vit E
150
Which fat soluble vitamin is a precursor to coenzyme Q?
Vitamin K
151
Which mineral is a glucose tolerance factor?
Chromium (Cr)
152
Which mineral is a constituent of B12?
Cobalt (Co)
153
Which mineral is an antioxidant?
Selenium (Se)
154
A deficiency in this mineral can lead to impaired wound healing?
Zinc (Zn)
155
Which mineral increases the hardness of teeth?
Fluoride (F)
156
Name the B Vitamins
“Tall Rich Nudists Play Pickle Ball For Centuries”
-Thiamine (B1),
- Riboflavin (B2),
- Niacin (B3),
- Pantothenate (B5) ,
- Pyridoxine (B6),
- Biotin (B7),
- Folic Acid (B9),
- Cobalomine (B12)
157
Vitamin ____ leads to increased Serum Calcium
D
158
Coenzyme Q and Cytochrome C are associated with:
Electron Transport Chain
159
During the methylation cycle, ____ gives a methyl group to ___
B9; B12
160
What is needed for vitamin D synthesis?
UV light
161
The rate-limiting enzyme in the kidney during vitamin D synthesis is:
1-alpha-hydroxylase
162
The active form of vitamin D is:
1,25 dihydroxycalciferol (vitamin D3)
163
Most active form of iron
Ferric (Fe3+)
164
Most absorbable form of iron
Ferrous (Fe2+)
“2 people on the ferris wheel”
165
Ferritin is used for:
Storage
166
Transferrin is important for:
Transferring
167
______ increases serum calcium
PTH
168
_______ decreases serum calcium
Calcitonin
169
The smallest portion of a carb is called a:
Monosaccharide
170
Different compounds with the same chemical formula
Isomers
171
Monosaccharide isomers
Glucose, fructose & galactose
172
C4 epimers
Glucose & galactose
173
C2 epimers
Glucose & mannose
174
Glucose + glucose (a1,6)
Isomaltose
175
Glucose + glucose (B1,4)
Cellobiose (cannot be broken down)
176
Glycogen contains ____ & ____ linkages
1,4; 1,6
177
The _____ linkage is the branch point of glycogen
Alpha 1,6
178
The most highly branched polysaccharide is
Glycogen
179
The most common GAGs are:
Hyaluronic acid & Chondroitin sulfate
180
_______ bonds are the characteristic of fats
Ester
181
Triacylglycerolds have ___ fatty acids, a ________ backbone and a ______ bond
3; glycerol; ester
182
Which source provides the highest calories/gram
Fat (9 calories/gram)
183
________ fatty acids contain double bonds
Unsaturated
184
Oxidation involves the ______ of e- or hydrogen; Reduction involves the _____ of e- or hydrogen
Loss; Gain
“OIL RIG”
185
Match these fatty acids with where their double bond is located: Omega-6 or Omega-3
1. Linoleic
2. Linolenic
3. Arachadonic Acid
1. Omega-6
2. Omega-3
3. Omega-6
186
Arachadonic acid is the precursor to:
Prostaglandins
187
Pg.14
188
_________ are major components of membrane lipids
Phospholipids
189
Cholesterol is derived from:
Acetyl CoA
190
Rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase
191
HMG-CoA reductase converts:
HMG CoA->Mevalonate
192
Rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis
Desmolase
193
Synthesized and secreted from the Liver
VLDL
194
Rate limiting enzyme of purine breakdown
Xanthine oxidase
195
Nucelosides are
Pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
196
Nucleotides
Pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate
197
________ bonds are both in DNA and RNA
Phosphodiester
198
The enzyme ________ links two amino acids together and begins the synthesis of a polypeptide chain
Peptidyl transferase
199
What vitamins are utilized in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
B1, B2, B3, B5
