Biochem of cardiovascular

Question 1

Pulmonary ventilation rate

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrom

Dyspnea

Answer 1

amount of air moved per minute.

a condition that effects prematurely born babies, a result of a lack of surfactant secretion. Therefore, there’s reduced compliance as the lungs aren’t able to fill entirely, and the alveoli collapse on exhalation.

shortness of breath.

Question 2

Carboxyhaemoglobin

Methaemoglobin

Fetal haemoglobin

Carbon dioxide

Answer 2

CO binds tighter than O2 (higher affinity) and this dramatically reduces the ability of O2 to bind to Hb.

Fe2+ oxidised to Fe3+ by drugs etc, this is then unable to carry O2 and it’s slowly converted back to Fe2+

higher affinity for O2, important in transferring O2 across the placenta.

70% is converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3) and transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion HCO3. Bound to haemoglobin, as carbaminohaemoglobin (23%) and dissolved in plasma (7%).

Question 3

hypercapnia

hypoxia

Mechanoreceptors
3 types;
Slowly adapting

Rapidly adapting

C-fibre receptors

Answer 3

an increased level of CO2 in the blood.

a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching tissues.

receptors in the lung which respond to stretching. Innervated by vagus nerve

– in visceral pleura, bronchioles and alveoli. E.g. Heuring-Breuer reflex (over inflation).
– in airway epithelia, react when things irritate the airways. E.g. cough reflex.
– in the alveoli wall. Defence mechanism, causes rapid shallow breathing and mucous secretion.