Breathing pathway Flashcards
Vibrissae
Conchae
Mucosa
Olfactory mucosa
hairs at the entrance of the nose that trap particles.
projections in the nose wall that produce turbulence = more time to adjust air with capillary network.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Cilia waft mucous trapped cells to pharynx.
smell receptors.
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
continual passageway to the eosophagus. Nasopharynx > oropharynx > laryngopharynx.
maintains an open airway (cartilaginous skeleton) and stops food entering lower respiratory
system (moved by muscles). Produces sound (glottis).
front of oesophagus, 4.5 inches long. Cartilage keeps airway open. Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, a “musocilary escalator”.
Bronchi
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
less cartilage, shorter epithelial cells, more smooth muscle.
supply each lung, C-shaped cartilages. Right one is wider.
supply lobes of the lung (3 on the right, 2 on the left). Plates of cartilage.
supply segments of the lung (10 on right, 8 on left). Plates of cartilage.
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
no cartilage, smooth muscle to constrict/dilate. Each one > 50-80 terminal ones.
simple columnar ciliated epithelia. Clara cells (surfactant). Give rise to 2+ respiratory bronchioles.
simple cuboidal epithelia. Clara cells. Alveoli extend from the lumen.
Right lung
Left lung
Hilum
Compliance
wider and shorter, three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) and two fissures (slits) (oblique and horizontal).
narrower and longer, two lobes (superior, inferior) only one oblique fissure.
on mediastinal surface, where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves & bronchi enter the lung.
ability of the lungs to expand. CT structure, surfactant and mobility of thoracic cage affects this.
Pleura
-Visceral
-parietal
Pneumothorax
x2 serous membrane lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs
adheres to the lung
to thoracic wall and diaphragm. Separating each lung like this can stop infection spreading
condition that occurs when there is the accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity. Causes a loss of negative intrapleural pressure, causing the lung to collapse, it can be reflated using a syringe to remove excess air from the pleural cavity.
Pleurisy
Intrapleural pressure
Bony thorax
inflammation of the pleural cavity, painful.
pressure within the pleural cavity. It’s always lower than the atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures. Created by elastic recoil of the lungs.
12 pairs ribs, 7 true, 3 false and two ‘floating’. Ribs 1-10 attached by costal cartilage to the thorax.
Sternum -
Manubrium
Body
Xiphisternum
Intercostal muscles –
External
Internal
Innermost
Diaphragm
front of thorax.
at the top
main part
tip at the bottom
x
superficial layer
middle layer
deep layer
dome shaped (straight when contracted) skeletal muscle with a central tendon. Attached to xiphisternum and 11th/12th ribs along with the lumbar vertebrae. Innervated by the phrenic nerve.
