Biochemistry Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
the study of chemical reactions and pathways of living cells and organisms
A
Biochemistry
2
Q
What are the 4 types of macromolecules relevant to biochem?
A
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
3
Q
serves as the building blocks for cells and carry out cellular functions for all living organisms
A
Macromolecules
4
Q
larger substance made of simpler substances
A
Polymer
5
Q
smaller substances that make up larger substances
A
Monomer
6
Q
a molecule with a central carbon that binds to a hydrogen atom, two functional groups, and a variable side chain
A
Amino Acid
7
Q
What are the 2 functional groups of Amino Acids?
A
- Amine Group (-NH2)
- Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
8
Q
dictates the unique chemical properties and functions associated with each of the amino acids
A
R Group
9
Q
amino acids that can be synthesized by the body
A
Essential Amino Acids
10
Q
Amino acids are obtained in what 2 ways?
A
- Made by the body
- Diet
11
Q
What 2 ways can Amino Acids be abbreviated? Give an example.
A
- Three Letters
- Single Letter
Ex: Glycine = “Gly” or “G”
Tryptophan = “Trp” or “W”
12
Q
a covalent bond formed between 2 amino acids via a dehydration reaction
A
Peptide Bond
13
Q
short links of 2 or more amino acids
A
Peptide
14
Q
when many amino acids are bonded together
A
Polypeptide Chain
15
Q
formed when several polypeptides are folded together into a specific shape
A
Protein
16
Q
the process of amino acids turning into into peptides and proteins through the formation of a peptide bond
A
Polymerization
17
Q
the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds
A
Peptidyl Transferase
18
Q
an amino acid in a peptide or polypeptide once the water molecule has been removed
A
Residue
19
Q
Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Alanine
A
Ala
20
Q
Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Glycine
A
Gly
21
Q
Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Isoleucine
A
Ile
22
Q
Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Leucine
A
Leu
23
Q
Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Proline
A
Pro
24
Q
Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Valine
A
Val
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Phenylalanine
Phe
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Tryptophan
Trp
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Tyrosine
Tyr
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Aspartic Acid
Asp
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Glutamic Acid
Glu
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Arginine
Arg
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Histidine
His
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Lysine
Lys
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Serine
Ser
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Threonine
Thr
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Cysteine
Cys
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Methionine
Met
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Asparagine
Asn
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Amino Acid Abbreviations:
Glutamine
Gln
39
How many different structure levels can proteins have? What are they?
4 total
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
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the unique sequence of amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain
Primary Structure
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the local folding of a polypeptide in some regions of the chain due to the hydrogen bonding between the amino acids of that polypeptide chain
Secondary Structure
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What are the 2 types of local structures in protein?
1. Alpha-Helices
2. Beta-Pleated Sheets
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occurs when a peptide chain coils into a helix + hydrogen bonds form between coils to stabilize the structure
Alpha-Helices (secondary structure)
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occurs when portions of the polypeptide chain turn back on itself + have hydrogen bonding between amino hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens
Beta-Pleated Sheets (secondary structure)
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the overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide and determines its function
Tertiary Structure
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the arrangement of multiple, smaller polypeptide chains to form a larger, functional protein
Quaternary Structure
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a protein that breaks down other proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids (during digestion) so they can be incorporated into the body for nutrition
Pepsin
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the process of a protein unfolding from its natural structure due to changes in pH, temperature and salt concentration
Denaturation
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proteins that speed up a chemical reaction but are not consumed or produced by the reaction
Enzyme
50
a reactant in a chemical reaction
Substrate
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a binding area for a reactant on an enzyme
Active Site
52
a series of reactions in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen
Photosynthesis
53
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O >>> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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What is the primary energy source for plants and animals?
Carbohydrates
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What are 3 types of carbohydrates?
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
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the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into simpler sugars
Monosaccharide
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What 2 forms are monosaccharides found as in nature?
1. Cyclic Form
2. Open-Chain Form
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What 3 things do most monosaccharides have?
1. 5 or 6 carbon atoms
2. Alcohol groups on their carbons
3. Carbonyl Group (C=O)
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What do the alcohol groups on the carbons of monosaccharides allow them to do? Why is this helpful?
The alcohol groups allow the monosaccharide to form hydrogen bonds with water.
This makes the monosaccharide water soluble.
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Give some examples of monosaccharides
Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose (DNA)
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2 sugars bonded together to form a larger sugar molecule that can be broken down into simpler sugars
Disasccharide
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Give 2 examples of disaccharides
1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
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polymer chains of many monosaccharide molecules
Polysaccharides
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polymers of biological molecules
Biopolymers
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Give 3 examples of polysaccharides
1. Glycogen
2. Starch
3. Cellulose
66
stores energy in the muscles and livers of humans and other animals
Glycogen
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water-soluble, helical structures with alcohol groups readily available for hydrogen bonding
Starch
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forms hydrogen bonds between its strands to form sheets, making it insoluble and more rigid
Cellulose
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insoluble in water and passes through the digestive tract unchanged; collects unwanted residue as it passes through the digestive tract
Dietary Fiber
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All polysaccharide biopolymers are made from what type of monomers?
Glucose Monomers
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How are the differing roles and functions of glycogen, cellulose and starch reflected in nature?
It's reflected in their differing structures
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nonpolar, water-insoluble molecules that are found in the cells and tissues of living organisms
Lipids
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What are the 2 classifications of Lipids?
1. Simple Lipids
2. Complex Lipids
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simple lipids that have long chains of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end
Fatty Acids
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Simple Lipids contain what 3 things?
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
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Complex Lipids contain what 4 things?
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Additional Elements (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, or Sulfur)
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What are the 4 major groups of lipids?
1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
4. Waxes
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3 fatty acids chains + glycerol
Triglyceride
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a hydrocarbon with 3 alcohol functional groups (3-OH groups)
Triol
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fats that contain at least one double bond
Unsaturated Fats
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fats without any carbon double bonds
Saturated Fats
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Give examples of unsaturated vs saturated fats
Unsaturated - Fish, Avocados, Tree Nuts
Saturated - animal fats
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a lipid molecule that is made up of 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate group head
Phospholipid
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The part of the phospholipid that is hydrophilic, polar and contains a phosphate group
Head
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The part of the phospholipid that is hydrophobic, nonpolar, and contains 2 fatty acid chains
Tails
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simple lipids that are characterized by a base structure of 4 connected hydrocarbon rings
Steroids
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Name 3 biologically important steroids
1. Sex Hormones
2. Cholesterol
3. Prednisone
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a long-chain fatty acid + a long-chain alcohol
Wax
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many carbons with an -OH attached to the end
Long-Chain Alcohol
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What are the 2 major classes of Nucleic Acids?
1. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA and which match together?
Cytosine (C) > Guanine (G)
Adenine (A) > Uracil (U)
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What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and which match together?
Cytosine (C) > Guanine (G)
Adenine (A) > Thymine (T)
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What is the difference in function between RNA and DNA?
RNA - copies genetic information
DNA - stores genetic information
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complex organic substance whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain
Nucleic Acid
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the monomer building blocks that make up RNA and DNA
Nucleotide
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Nucleotides consist of what 3 things?
1. 5-carbon Sugar
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Bases
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What 4 things make up an Amino Acid?
1. Central alpha-carbon atom that everything else binds to
2. A hydrogen atom
3. 2 Functional Groups
4. An R group
