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Intro to Biology for Vet Techs > Expression of Genes > Flashcards

Expression of Genes Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 types of common proteins used in the body

A
  1. Antibodies
  2. Enzymes
  3. Hormones
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2
Q

bind to foreign particles (like viruses and bacteria) to help protect the body against invaders

A

Antibodies

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3
Q

facilitate chemical reactions in cells and help form new DNA molecules by reading and modifying the genetic information in DNA

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

facilitate long-range communication between tissues, cells, and organs

A

Hormones

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5
Q

a tightly controlled process by which the information stored in DNA is converted into instructions for making proteins

A

Gene Expression

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6
Q

What are the 2 stages of gene expression?

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
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7
Q

the phase of gene expression when an organism’s DNA is converted to RNA

A

Transcription

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8
Q

Where does transcription vs translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

Transcription - Nucleus
Translation - Cytoplasm

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9
Q

states that DNA is first transcribed to make a new RNA molecule with complementary bases, then the RNA code is deciphered at the ribosome to create the correct sequence of amino acids to make proteins

A

Central Dogma

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10
Q

DNA encodes RNA and RNA encodes proteins

A

Central Dogma

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11
Q

the phase of gene expression in which cellular machinery reads each RNA codon and adds the corresponding amino acids together to produce polypeptides

A

Translation

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12
Q

the phase of gene expression in which the transcribed RNA sequence is used to make proteins

A

Translation

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13
Q

Occurs when the DNA is opened by helicase, then RNA polymerase uses RNA nucleotides to copy the DNA sequences

A

Transcription

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14
Q

the building blocks of proteins

A

Amino Acids

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15
Q

Coded for by a sequence of 3 base pairs next to each other

A

Amino Acid

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16
Q

How many possible codons are there? How many amino acids do they code for?

A

The 64 codons possible code for 20 different amino acids and the termination of the polypeptide chain

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17
Q

these are the code to determine which amino acids need to be bonded to each other to provide the proper shape and functionality of the protein

A

Base Pairs

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18
Q

What happens once translation is complete?

A

the polypeptide will fold into its correct structure > then may need to be further processed, moved to a specific location, or added to other polypeptides before it begins its function as a protein in the cell

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19
Q

the molecules in cells that carry codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

mRNA

20
Q

What type of RNA is made during transcription?

A

mRNA

21
Q

the enzyme that adds the appropriate RNA nitrogenous base pairs to the template strand of DNA

A

RNA Polymerase

22
Q

a 3 letter sequence of DNA or RNA that contains information

A

Codon

23
Q

codons that contain the instructions for specific amino acids

A

RNA Codons

24
Q

chains of amino acids

A

Polypeptides

25
Q

What is the role of mRNA in gene expression?

A

To carry information from DNA to the ribosome to enable protein synthesis

26
Q

What is mRNA produced from?

A

The antisense DNA strand

27
Q

What is the antisense DNA strand?

A

The antiparallel strand that runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction

28
Q

Describe the life cycle of mRNA

A

Short - it’s degraded after translation

29
Q

What 3 things make up the structure of mature mRNA?

A
  1. Start codon
  2. Coding sequence
  3. Stop codon
30
Q

is read from the 5’ end and gives instructions to the ribosome to start assembling amino acids as laid out in the RNA sequence

A

Start Codon

31
Q

is located at the 3’ end of the coding sequence and tells the ribosome to stop assembling amino acids

A

Stop Codon

32
Q

What does directionality of DNA and RNA mean?

A

the ends of each strand are not identical and are distinct from each other

33
Q

What dictates the directionality of DNA and RNA?

A

the sugar-phosphate backbone

34
Q

Why is directionality important in DNA and RNA?

A

Ensures transcription and translation occur in a uniform manner

35
Q

What would occur without DNA and RNA directionality?

A
  1. DNA and RNA machinery could read nucleotides in either direction
  2. Could then generate sequences with entirely different meanings
  3. Would then result in different proteins made of different amino acids
36
Q

Why is only 1 strand of DNA the coding strand?

A

Directionality to avoid cell machinery reading nucleotides in the wrong direction

37
Q

What 4 molecules are involved in translation?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
  4. A ribosome
38
Q

the molecules that brings the appropriate amino acids from the cytoplasm to the correct position in the polypeptide chain during translation

A

tRNA

39
Q

Serves as the physical link between the mRNA sequence and the individual amino acids

A

tRNA

40
Q

the part of the ribosome that assembles the amino acids according to the code that the mRNA has brought from the DNA

A

rRNA

41
Q

Interacts with a set of proteins to form the ribosome

A

rRNA

42
Q

the site for protein synthesis within a cell

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

Ribosomes contain 2 types of what? And what do they have?

A

Subunits: Large and Small
They each have their own special rRNA molecules

44
Q

a mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a base pair or base pairs in the DNA of a gene resulting in the translation of the code in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene

A

Frameshift Mutation

45
Q

Occur when start and stop locations for translation are poorly defined

A

Frameshift Mutation

46
Q

When are frameshift mutations more likely to occur?

A

in a region of repeat sequence

47
Q

What are 4 examples of frameshift mutations?

A
  1. Colorectal cancer
  2. Prostate cancer
  3. Ovarian cancer
  4. Breast cancer

Intro to Biology for Vet Techs (12 decks)

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