Cell Specialization

Question 1

Give 3 examples of unicellular organisms

Answer 1

1. Amoeba
2. Paramecium
3. Euglena

Question 2

the result when similar cell types group together to perform a common function

Answer 2

Tissue

Question 3

a specialized structure composed of 2 or more tissues that together perform a specific function

Answer 3

Organ

Question 4

the result when multiple organs work together

Answer 4

Organ System

Question 5

a type of cell with long branches that carry messages throughout the body using electrical signaling

Answer 5

Neurons

Question 6

________ Cells:
- Form is closely related to function
- Optimal performance only in the environment it was designed to function

Answer 6

Specialized Cells

Question 7

cells that move oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

Answer 7

Red Blood Cells

Question 8

the ability of cells to become another type of cell

Answer 8

Cellular Potency

Question 9

Cell Specialization vs Cellular Potency

Answer 9

Highly Specialized > Low Potency

Unspecialized > High Potency

Question 10

What are the 4 primary levels of cellular potentcy?

Answer 10

1. Totipotent
2. Pluripotent
3. Multipotent
4. Unipotent

Question 11

a single cell’s ability to produce any number of different cell types within an organism

Answer 11

Totipotent

Question 12

Why are totipotent cells unique?

Answer 12

They can form all the cell types in an organism + the extraembryonic (placental) cells

Question 13

What are the only totipotent cells?

Answer 13

Embryonic cells within the 1st couple of cell divisions after fertilization

Question 14

cells that can give rise to other cells that will function within an embryo

Answer 14

Pluripotent

Question 15

Embryonic Stem Cells have what level of cellular potency?

Answer 15

Pluripotent

Question 16

cells that are specialized enough that they can further differentiate into a number of closely related cell types

Answer 16

Multipotent

Question 17

Adult Stem Cells have what level of cellular potency?

Answer 17

Multipotent

Question 18

Explain an example of multipotent cells

Answer 18

Hematopoietic Stem Cells - can specialize / differentiate into distinct blood cell types (red or white blood cells)
- can NOT give rise to a nerve cell

Question 19

cells that have differentiated and specialized to the point that they can produce only one type of cell and are able to self-renew

Answer 19

Unipotent

Question 20

Give 2 examples of Unipotent Cells

Answer 20

1. Skin Cells
2. Red Blood Cells

Question 21

cells that function to differentiate into specialized cells and generate new cells to repair worn or injured tissues

Answer 21

Stem Cells

Question 22

Stem cells have what degree of potency? Are they differentiated?

Answer 22

High
Undifferentiated or only partially differentiated

Question 23

Stem Cells can help provide treatments or cures for certain veterinary diseases/disorders: List 5

Answer 23

1. Blood and Immune System Diseases
2. Eye Diseases - Corneal Ulcers
3. Wound Healing
4. Spinal Cord injuries
5. Respiratory Diseases - Inflammatory Airway Disease

Question 24

What are the 2 main types of stem cells?

Answer 24

1. Embryonic Stem Cells
2. Adult Stem Cells

Question 25

Describe the potency of Embryonic Stem Cells and where they are found

Answer 25

Pluripotent Found in the: 1. Embryo / Fetus 2. Umbilical Cord Blood - generally multipotent 3. Grown in a lab

Question 26

Describe the potency of Adult Stem Cells and where they are found

Answer 26

Multipotent or Unipotent Found in: 1. Bone Marrow

Question 27

stem cells that give rise to blood cells and can form mature blood cells such as red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells

Answer 27

Hemopoietic Stem Cells

Question 28

Why are hemopoietic stem cells important?

Answer 28

Red blood cells lack the ability to divide and produce other red blood cells due to a lack of DNA within the cells

Question 29

Hemopoietic Stem Cells have what degree of potency?

Answer 29

Multipotent

Question 30

adult stem cells that have been modified with a virus to return to the natural embryonic state

Answer 30

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells