Biochemistry: Intro 1+2

Question 1

electronegativity

Answer 1

attractive force an atomic nucleus has on electrons within a bond

Question 2

de/phosphorylation

Answer 2

-/+ of a phosphate

Question 3

acetylation

Answer 3

+ of C=O

Question 4

carboxylation

Answer 4

+ of COOH

Question 5

where does carboxylation usually occur

Answer 5

at the end of a molecule due to its reactive centre

Question 6

esterification

Answer 6

carboxyl and hydroxyl group join creating a COO group and water

Question 7

what is esterification used for

Answer 7

altering biomolecule properties as its relatively stable

Question 8

condenstaion

Answer 8

polymerisation, water released

Question 9

hydrolysis

Answer 9

depolymerisation, water needed

Question 10

what is a redox reaction

Answer 10

one molecule oxidised, other reduced

Question 11

oxidation

Answer 11

loss of electrons

Question 12

reduction

Answer 12

gain of electrons

Question 13

in this reaction AH + B <=> A + BH which is

• oxidised/reduced
• the oxidising/reducing agent

Answer 13

• AH is oxidised, B is reduced

- AH is reducing agent, B is oxidising agent

Question 14

what are the 5 oxidation states of carbon from most reduced -> most oxidised

Answer 14

alkanes -> alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid -> CO2

Question 15

• methyl group
• methylene group
• carbonyl group
• amino group
• amide group
• aldehyde group
• phosphates

Answer 15

• CH3
• CH2
• C=O
• NH2
• CNO
• CHO
• POOOOHH

Question 16

what molecules store information

Answer 16

DNA, RNA, NADPH/NADH+

Question 17

what processes generate energy

Answer 17

• citric acid cycle
• glycolysis
• electron transport chain

Question 18

types of lipids

Answer 18

• triglycerides
• phospholipids
• steroids

Question 19

monosaccharide - example and what it is

Answer 19

• glucose

- single ringed structure

Question 20

disaccharides - examples and what it is

Answer 20

• sucrose, maltose, lactose

- 2 monosaccharides

Question 21

polysaccharides - examples and what it is

Answer 21

• glycogen, cellulose

- many monosaccharides

Question 22

what are polysaccharides used for

Answer 22

storage and rapid energy conversion

Question 23

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 23

energy can neither be created or destroyed

Question 24

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 24

no energy conversion is 100% efficient, some become unavailable to do work

Question 25

entropy

Answer 25

free energy tends towards an unusable state after multiple transformations

Question 26

change in enthalpy (ΔH)

Answer 26

change in heat content

Question 27

change in entropy (ΔS)

Answer 27

degree of disorder

Question 28

equations for change in free energy (ΔG)

Answer 28

- ΔG = ΔH - TΔS | - ΔG = products - reactants

Question 29

what is an exergonic reaction

Answer 29

free energy of products is less than that of reactants (ΔG = -ve) occurs spontaneously

Question 30

what is an endergonic reaction

Answer 30

free energy of products is more than that of reactants (ΔG = +ve) won't occur spomtaneously

Question 31

what is the equation for ΔG for any reaction and what do the symbols stand for

Answer 31

ΔG = ΔG*' + RTln([products]/[reactants]) ΔG*' - free energy under standard conditions R - universal gas constant, -8.3Jkmol-1 T - temp in kelvin ln - natural log

Question 32

what is the relation of ΔG to equilibrium

Answer 32

the further towards completion equilibrium is the more free entry is released

Question 33

ΔG values near 0 are characteristic of what type of reactions

Answer 33

readily reversible ones

Question 34

what is Keq in a reaction (equation for it)

Answer 34

= [products]/[reactants]

Question 35

what is the reaction for ΔG when ΔG=0

Answer 35

ΔG*' = -RTlnKeq

Question 36

how are unfavourable cellular processes driven

Answer 36

by being coupled to highly favourable processes

Question 37

why is ATP used as energy currency

Answer 37

ATP breakdown is very -ve and therefore releases a lot of free energy, its very favourable and can be coupled to many processes

Question 38

why is ATP less stable than ADP and how is the strain removed

Answer 38

- the -ve charges close together in ATP anhydride bonds makes strong electronegative repulsions - by removing 1+ phosphates

Question 39

how is ATP regenerated quickly

Answer 39

- hydrolysis using creatine phosphate to ADP | - via ATP + AMP 2ADP

Question 40

metabolism

Answer 40

all reactions taking place in the body

Question 41

catabolism

Answer 41

brekadown of complex molecules to simpler ones releasing energy

Question 42

anabolism

Answer 42

making complex molecules form smaller ones using energy

Question 43

what types of reactions are useful control points in metabolic pathways and why

Answer 43

- those with large -ΔG values | - theyre not close to equilibrium and therefore the reaction can be controlled

Question 44

control points in metabolic pathways are controlled via

Answer 44

altering the activity of enzymes involved