Bioenergetics

Question 0

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 0

Flow of energy in a biological system: macronutrients into biologically useable energy. (food/chemical energy into muscle contraction/mechanical energy)

Question 1

Exergonic vs. endergonic reactions

Answer 1

Exergonic: releases energy; usually catabolic

Endergonic: requires energy; usually endergonic

Question 2

3 basic biological energy systems

Answer 2

1) phosphagen
2) glycolysis
3) oxidative systems

Question 3

Anaerobic process

Answer 3

Do not require the presence of oxygen

Question 4

Aerobic process

Answer 4

Process that depends on oxygen

Question 5

Kreb cycle, electron transport chain, and rest of the oxidative system

Answer 5

Aerobic mechanisms that occur in the mitochondria

Question 6

Which macronutrients are essential to anaerobic metabolism and why?

Answer 6

Carbohydrates: metabolized for energy with out oxygen involvement

Question 7

Creatine phosphate

Answer 7

High energy molecule involved in the phosphagen system. Hydrolysis of this molecule provides a phosphate group to combine with ADP

Question 8

Law of mass action or mass action effect

Answer 8

The concentration of reactants and/ or products in solution will drive the direction of the reaction

Question 9

Glycolysis

Answer 9

The break down of carbohydrates; anaerobic. Less rapid than creatine kinase but higher capacity of ATP

Question 10

What 2 things can happen with pyruvate?

Answer 10

1) fast glycolysis: converted to lactate and used for anaerobic ATP resynthesis
2) taken to mitochondria and undergoes the keen cycle (slower and used for longer duration)

Question 11

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources- during extended exercise and recovery

Question 12

true or false: the process of pyruvate to lactate results in the formation of lactic acid.

Answer 12

False.

Question 13

lactate production increases with…

Answer 13

increased exercise and type II muscle fibers

Question 14

Lactate clearance

Answer 14

3 ways: lactate can be oxidized in the muscle it was produced in or transported by the blood to another muscle to be oxidized OR taken to liver where it is converted into glucose

Question 15

Cori Cycle

Answer 15

cycle of: blood glucose taken to the muscle- lactate in muscle- blood transports lactate to liver - converted to glucose in the liver- taken back by way of the blood to muscle

Question 16

Phosphorylation

Answer 16

process of adding an inorganic phosphate to another molecule. (ADP+P=ATP)

Question 17

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 17

resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain

Question 18

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 18

direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways.

Question 19

What are the 2 primary mechanisms for ATP resynthesis during metabolism

Answer 19

Substrate-level phosphorylation and

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

What is the net gain of glycolysis (using blood glucose)? Explain

Answer 20

2 ATP are required to power glycolysis and 4 are resynthesized: net gain of 2

Question 21

What is the net gain of glycolysis (using muscle glycogen)? Explain

Answer 21

1 ATP is required to power glycolysis and 4 are resunthesized: net gain of 3

Question 22

What factors stimulate glycolysis?

Answer 22

High concentrations of ADP, decrease in pH levels and AMP

Question 23

What must be the conditions for pyruvate to be transported to the mitochondria? What happens next?

Answer 23

If oxygen levels are high enough (exercise intensity is low enough/ athlete is conditioned) then pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA and undergoes the Kreb cycle.

Question 24

the oxidative system is the primary system when...

Answer 24

the body is at rest or at low intensity, long endurance exercise

Question 25

What is oxygen deficit?

Answer 25

up to the first 4 minutes of exercise the body's energy systems require a higher oxygen level then the body is able to provide. Oxygen uptake increases rapidly during this time until the body reaches steady state

Question 27

name 3 important glycolytic enzymes

Answer 27

hexokinase phosphofructokinase pyruvate kinase

Question 28

Energy

Answer 28

capacity to perform work

Question 29

Catabolic reactions

Answer 29

breakdown of large protein/fat/carbohydrate molecules into smaller products "yielding energy release"

Question 30

Anabolic reactions

Answer 30

The formation of large molecules from small protein/fat/carbohydrate substrates *requiring energy*

Question 31

Why can't we sprint indefinitely?

Answer 31

The processes required for different activities differ in duration. Fast powerful activity requires ATP at a higher rate then slower longer duration activities (Anaerobic vs. aerobic). Anaerobic processes cannot last as long as long

Question 32

Metabolism

Answer 32

the total of all the reactions that take place in the cells of the body

Question 33

coupled reactions

Answer 33

the energy given off by exergonic reactions powers an endergonic reaction

Question 34

ATP

Answer 34

bioenergy currency of all cells

Question 35

Energy

Answer 35

capacity to perform work

Question 36

Catabolic reactions

Answer 36

breakdown of large protein/fat/carbohydrate molecules into smaller products "yielding energy release"

Question 37

Anabolic reactions

Answer 37

The formation of large molecules from small protein/fat/carbohydrate substrates *requiring energy*

Question 38

Why can't we sprint indefinitely?

Answer 38

The processes required for different activities differ in duration. Fast powerful activity requires ATP at a higher rate then slower longer duration activities (Anaerobic vs. aerobic). Anaerobic processes cannot last as long as long

Question 39

Metabolism

Answer 39

the total of all the reactions that take place in the cells of the body

Question 40

blood lactate concentrations reflect...

Answer 40

lactate production and clearance

Question 41

ATP

Answer 41

bioenergy currency of all cells

Question 42

energy is stored between the ...

Answer 42

2nd and 3rd phosphate groups

Question 43

true or false: all energy systems are always active but in different proportions.

Answer 43

true

Question 44

which muscles contain the highest concentrations of creatine kinase?

Answer 44

IIx

Question 45

what determines the fate of pyruvate?

Answer 45

presence or absence of oxygen

Question 46

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Answer 46

enzyme the catalyzes the formation of lactate

Question 47

blood lactate concentrations reflect...

Answer 47

lactate production and clearance

Question 48

How does H+ effect muscle contraction?

Answer 48

3 Mechanisms: - enzyme activity - actin/myosin binding affinity - O2 carrying capacity for hemoglobin

Question 49

OBLA

Answer 49

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation: when the blood lactate concentration reaches 4 mmol/L

Question 50

What does OBLA reflect

Answer 50

body's clearance capacity

Question 51

LT

Answer 51

Lactate Threshold

Question 52

What is LT?

Answer 52

point when lactate levels abruptly rise above baseline concentration (body must be working anaerobically. high lactate concentration reflect and perpetuate glycolysis)

Question 53

What determines oxidative capacity?

Answer 53

1) oxidative enzyme levels 2) muscle fiber type composition 3) oxygen availability

Question 54

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

Answer 54

Ability of whole body to sustain prolonged exercise

Question 55

where does the phosphagen system take place?

Answer 55

sarcoplasm of the muscle cell

Question 56

where does the kreb cycle take place?

Answer 56

mitochondria

Question 57

where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 57

sarcoplasm of the cell

Question 58

Define VO2 Max

Answer 58

The maximum capacity of an individual's body to transport and use oxygen during exercise. Also called maximum aerobic capacity