Endocrine System

Question 1

what is the purpose of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

supports the normal homeostatic function of the human body and helps it respond to external stimuli

Question 2

why is it important for strength and conditioning professionals to have an understanding of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

increases insight into how an exercise prescription can enable hormones to mediate optimal adaptations to resistance training

Question 3

what is the only natural stimulus for increases in lean tissue mass?

Answer 3

resistance training

Question 4

changes in hormonal concentrations following exercise effect what?

Answer 4

tissue adaptations

Question 5

what are hormones?

Answer 5

chemical messengers that are synthesized, stored, and released into the blood by endocrine glands

Question 6

Endocrine glands

Answer 6

body structures specialized for secretion

Question 7

neuroendocrinology

Answer 7

the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Question 8

what are 3 mechanisms of hormone secretion?

Answer 8

1) secretion into the blood
2) Autocrine secretion
3) paracrine secretion

Question 9

what is autocrine secretion?

Answer 9

cell releases the hormone inside the cell itself- hormone does no leave the cell it was produced in

Question 10

what is paracrine secretion?

Answer 10

cell releases hormone to adjacent cells-circulation not needed to put hormone in contact with target cell

Question 11

name an unusual characteristic of skeletal muscle

Answer 11

it has multinucleated cells

Question 12

why is multinucleate cells significant in muscle cells?

Answer 12

different parts of the cell are regulated by different nuclei (domains). this allows for differential regulation of protein metabolism along the length of a muscle fiber

Question 13

what body systems are involved in remodeling muscles?

Answer 13

endocrine, nervous, and immune

Question 14

what is the most prominent resistance training adaptation in the muscle?

Answer 14

increase in the amount of a muscle’s contractile proteins: actin and myosin

Question 15

2 important steps in muscle growth:

Answer 15

increase in protein synthesis and decrease in protein degradation

Question 16

what muscle fiber type depends more on decrease in protein degradation for growth?

Answer 16

type I

Question 17

what muscle type depends more on increased protein synthesis?

Answer 17

type II

Question 18

anabolic hormones

Answer 18

hormones that promote tissue building and block the negative effects of catabolic hormones

Question 19

catabolic hormones

Answer 19

hormones that promote the degrading of tissue (protein to support glucose synthesis)

Question 20

what is a T/C Ration?

Answer 20

ration of testosterone to cortisol

Question 21

with relation to the T/C ration, what will happen with more stressful training sessions?

Answer 21

the ratio will decrease

Question 22

what may happen to the T/C ration if an athlete multiple high stress training sessions without sufficient recovery?

Answer 22

this ration may be chronically low- chronically high levels of cortisol

Question 23

what effect does testosterone have on motor neurons?

Answer 23

1) Increase MU recruitment and force production

2) increase size of nerve cell body

Question 24

how does testosterone enter the cell?

Answer 24

diffuse across cell membrane and bind to androgen receptors

Question 25

what hormone initiates genes to increase protein synthesis and satellite cell fusion?

Answer 25

testosterone

Question 26

testosterone in the blood

Answer 26

most is bound to proteins- 2% is free

Question 27

what hormones does the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete?

Answer 27

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Question 28

what hormones does the cortex of the adrenal glands secrete?

Answer 28

corticosteroids: glucocorticoids and cortisol

Question 29

name the 3 lobes of the pituitary gland

Answer 29

1) anterior 2) intermediate 3) posterior

Question 30

Non-steroid hormones interact with cell by...

Answer 30

lock & key: certain hormones bind to specific receptors causing either a direct effect or initiating a secondary cell messenger

Question 31

where is growth hormone secreted from?

Answer 31

anterior pituitary gland

Question 32

name 6 metabolic actions growth hormone induces

Answer 32

1) increase in triglyceride breakdown 2) glucose output by liver 3) decrease in muscle glucose uptake 4) increase in blood fatty acids 5) increase in fat metabolism 6) increase in blood glucose

Question 33

what are 2 relevant effects of growth hormone stimulation?

Answer 33

protein synthesis and lengthening/thickening of bones

Question 34

lipid based hormones are ___________, which means _____________

Answer 34

hydrophobic; they are lipid soluble and can diffuse across cell membrane

Question 35

protein based hormones are ____________, which means ___________

Answer 35

hydrophillic; they need receptors to interact with the cell

Question 36

name the 2 classes of hormones

Answer 36

peptide and steroid

Question 37

what are the 2 main hormones secreted by the pancreas

Answer 37

Insulin and Glucagon

Question 38

Men have _______ times more testosterone than women

Answer 38

10-20

Question 39

are the functions of testosterone largely catabolic or anabolic? explain

Answer 39

anabolic. Testosterone is responsible for stimulating growth and development

Question 40

where is cortisol produced?

Answer 40

adrenal gland

Question 41

what are the functions of cortisol? (anabolic or catabolic)

Answer 41

catabolic

Question 42

what does cortisol stimulate?

Answer 42

conversion of proteins to carbohydrates

Question 43

describe the effects of cortisol with regards to resistance training

Answer 43

effects are the opposite of resistance training goals. (ex: protein conversion), therefore chronically high levels of cortisol are detrimental. (acute effects are fine- help in tissue reformation)

Question 44

What hormones are involved with "flight or fight" response?

Answer 44

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 45

what are the 2 types of glands?

Answer 45

exocrine: secrete to ducts endocrine: secrete into the bloodstream