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Performance Enhancing Substances Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance

A

ergogenic aid

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2
Q

describe the requirements for drugs

A

must meet the Food and Drug Administration approval for safety and effectiveness. Can not be obtained over-the-counter

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3
Q

dietary supplement

A

if a supplement isn’t classified as a drug or has therapeutic value, FDA regulation is essentially relaxed

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4
Q

give examples of dietary supplements

A 
vitamins
minerals
amino acids
herbs or other botanicals
enzymes, tissues, or hormones
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5
Q

what are sympathomimetic amines?

A

substances that imitate the sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

what are masking agents?

A

substances that are meant to cover up the usage of illegal substances

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7
Q

what are psychomotor stimulants?

A

i’m not sure

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8
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) and caffeine are used by

A

distance athletes

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9
Q

anabolic steroids are used by

A

strength and power athletes

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10
Q

beta blockers are used by

A

athletes that need to relax and concentrate (e.g., reduction in heart rate during shooting)

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11
Q

true or false? testosterone itself is a very poor ergogenic aid

A

True: chemical modification is needed to slow the degeneration process and achieve androgenic and anabolic effects

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12
Q

describe the administration of steroids

A

“stacking”: more than one drug at a time. Athletes also take steroids in a cyclic pattern

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13
Q

how long after steroid usage will the drug become undetectable but still by yielding results?

A

14 weeks

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14
Q

what is PCT

A

Post Cycle Therapy: Steroids users will sometimes use additional drugs post cycle to counteract the negative side effects of coming off. This is referred to as post-cycle therapy

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15
Q

who uses steroids?

A

many athletes (olympic to middle school). The majority of user are 30 yr old, white collar caucasians

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16
Q

true or false: you do not have to have “good genetics” to receive gains from steroid use

A

true

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17
Q

true or false: out of steroid users, only highly trained athletes see benefits

A

false: steroids effect the untrained and professionally trained

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18
Q

what are some of the dangerous side effects of testosterone use?

A 
aggression
water retention
breast tissue in males
prostate cancer
kidney/other organ damage 
acne
hair loss
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19
Q

what are pro hormones?

A

testosterone precursors. not effective, but the user still experiences side effects

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20
Q

what is HCG?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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21
Q

describe HCG

A

Obtained from the placenta of pregnant women. It closely resembles lutenizing hormone which can increase testicular testosterone production

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22
Q

describe insulin in a performance enhancer

A

taken by body builders to potentiate the effects of growth hormone and IGF1

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23
Q

HGH

A

Human Growth Hormone: no hard evidence regarding effectiveness. Ancedotal reports suggest impressive results

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24
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin: injected to raise levels of hemoglobin and hemacrit

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25
to whom does EPO appeal to? expound
endurance athletes: increases VO2 max (O2 carrying capacity is not a concern for anaerobic athletes)
26
what are the risks associated with EPO?
bloot clotting heat stroke (low blood fluids) stroke heart attack
27
how do you test for drugs?
blood or urine sampling
28
what is a normal testosterone:epitestosterone ratio?
4:1
29
describe the challenges with drug testing
for the hormones that are naturally produced by the body, only ranges can be used to determine normal/abnormal levels
30
name one negative result of the FDA's lax regulations
many companies make unsubstantiated claims about their products and get away with it
31
what is, perhaps, the most popular supplement of all time?
protein
32
when is it most beneficial to take protein supplements?
right before or after a workout
33
why are there differing opinions about the effectiveness of protein supplements?
durations of studies are sometimes not long enough, variable training levels, age, amount of supplement, type of supplement, etc.
34
what is the result of protein regarding fiber type increase?
both type I and II had greater increase in CSA
35
what is the result of protein regarding fat free mass?
there was in increase in fat free mass, but no change in fat mass
36
what is the result of protein regarding 1RM?
increase in leg press 1RM
37
what are the best sources of protein?
milk and whey
38
what is the primary dosage for protein supplements?
minimum of 20g of protein
39
How does the quantity and timing of protein ingestion after resistance exercise influence MPS throughout the entire day?
too high doses taken only a couple times a day is too infrequent to see benefits. very frequent small doses are too small. *20g doses 4 times a day is the most benificial
40
is ingesting protein supplements during the recovery period beneficial?
yes
41
why would someone take just amino acids instead of protein?
the most anabolic part of proteins are the essential amino acids
42
which amino acid has been found to be the trigger for protein synthesis?
Leucine
43
what is HMB
Derivative of Leucine: B-Hydroxy-B-Methylbutyrate (HMB)
44
what is the function of HMB?
instead of stimulating protein synthesis, it prevents muscle degeneration
45
describe the current opinion of HMB
not enough research to be conclusive, but it seems that HMB is slightly effective only in untrained individuals
46
a nitrogen containing compound that is made naturally in the body by the liver
Creatine Monohydrate
47
what is the purpose of creatine monohydrate?
stored in the muscle (either free or as creatine phosphate). substrate for ATP synthesis during the first few seconds of workout
48
what is the reasoning behind taking a creatine monohydrate supplement?
depletion of creatine phosphate stores during exercise is one of the main causes of fatigue and termination of exercise.
49
is creatine monohydrate supplementation more effective in trained or non trained athletes?
it is just as, or more effective in trained athletes
50
One of the few supplements that has shown fairly consistent ergogenic benefits
Creatine Monohydrate
51
the ability to regulate H+ concentration during exercise
Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)
52
what is the purpose of muscle buffers?
to increase MBC
53
why is β-Alanine useful?
it stimulates carnosine synthesis, which has MBC properties. Alone, it is a poor ergogenic aid
54
why would sodium bicarbonate be a useful supplement?
raised the pH level (more basic). This helps to equalize the acidic atmosphere in the muscles (H+)
55
what is the down side to sodium bicarbonate?
doses that are high enough to show positive results often induce nausea, cramping, etc.
56
why is testing for stimulants conducted after a sporting event?
stimulants do not have chronic effects. They are short term and must be taken right before event. (in between routine testing and start of event)
57
what do stimulants do?
increase sympathetic activation (nervous system effects; ↑ synapse transmission, nerve conduction velocity, neural drive etc.)
58
one of the most widely used drugs in the world
caffeine
59
what does caffeine do for aerobic athletes?
increases fat utilization (frees fatty acids from stores in muscle)
60
what does caffeine do for power athletes?
enhanced excitation-contraction coupling (neuromuscular transmission and calcium movement)
61
is caffeine more effective for aerobic or anaerobic activities?
aerobic
62
why is chocolate milk a good recovery drink?
it has carbs and protein

Strength And Conditioning (13 decks)

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