Bioenergetics

Question 1

Measure of change in HEAT content of the reactants and products

Answer 1

Change in Enthalpy

joules

Question 2

Measure of change in RANDOMNESS or DISORDER of the reactants and products

Answer 2

Change in Entropy

joules/Kelvin

Question 3

Energy available to do work

Predicts the direction in which a reaction will spontaneously proceed

Answer 3

Change in Free Energy

negative delta G – spontaneous and favorable reaction

delta G = delta H - T delta S

Question 4

Released energy

Spontaneous; Favorable

Answer 4

Exergonic reaction

negative delta G

Question 5

Requires energy

Not spontaneous; not favorable

Answer 5

Endergonic reaction

positive delta G

Question 6

ATP structure - nucleotide

Answer 6

ADENINE attached to RIBOSE + 3 phosphate groups

Question 7

Compounds that when you remove phosphate produce more energy

Used to make ATP

Answer 7

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Carbamoyl phosphate

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Creatine phosphate

Question 8

Methods of producing ATP

Answer 8

Substrate level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

2 Requirements of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 9

Oxygen

Mitochondria

Question 10

Part of mitochondria that is FREELY PERMEABLE to most molecules

Answer 10

OUTER MEMBRANE

Question 11

Part of mitochondria that is IMPERMEABLE to most molecules

Answer 11

INNER MEMBRANE

Question 12

Part of mitochondria that INCREASE surface are

Answer 12

Cristae

Question 13

Part of mitochondria that contains enzymes, mtDNA, mtRNA, mitochondrial ribosomes

Answer 13

Matrix

Question 14

Final common pathway by which electrons from different fuels of the body flow to oxygen

INNER mitochondria

Answer 14

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 15

2 electron carriers used in ETC

Answer 15

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) - from vitamin B3

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) - from vitamin B2

Question 16

Final electron acceptor

Answer 16

OXYGEN

Question 17

Components of ETC

Answer 17

Complex I NADH coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase

Complex II Succinate Q reductase

Complex III Q Cytochrome C oxidoreductase

Complex IV Cytochrome c oxidase

Question 18

Also called the 5th complex of ETC

The SMALLEST molecular motor present in the human body

INNER mitochondrial membrane

Answer 18

ATP-Synthase (Complex V)

Question 19

The ONLY NON-PROTEIN component of the ETC

Answer 19

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)

Question 20

Mobile electron carrier b/w Complex III and Complex IV

Play a role in PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

Answer 20

Cytochrome C

Question 21

All component of ETC are fixed to the inner mitochondrial membrane EXCEPT

Answer 21

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
Cytochrome C

Question 22

Theory that postulates that the 2 processes, OXIDATION and PHOSPHORYLATION are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Explains how the free energy generated by the transport of electrons by the ETC is used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi

Answer 22

Chemiosmotic Theory (Mitchell Hypothesis)

Question 23

Tissue hypoxia

Answer 23

lack of oxygen –> decreased activity of ETC

ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation –> SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION - does NOT require oxygen

Question 24

Inhibitors of Complex I NADH coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase

Answer 24

Barbiturates (Amobarbital)
Piericidin A
Amytal
Rotenone

Question 25

Inhibitors of Complex II Succinate Q reductase

Answer 25

Malonate Carboxin TTFA

Question 26

Inhibitors of Complex III Q Cytochrome C oxidoreductase

Answer 26

Antimycin A | Dimercaprol

Question 27

Inhibitors of Complex IV Cytochrome c oxidase

Answer 27

Cyanide Carbon monoxide H2S Sodium azide

Question 28

Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation Increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons Disruption of proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 28

2,4 dinitrophenol Aspirin (overdose) Thermogenin in brown fat

Question 29

Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by (-) the transporter of ADP into and ATP out of the mitochondrion

Answer 29

Actratyloside

Question 30

ATP synthase (-) Completely blocks oxidation and phosphorylation

Answer 30

Oligomycin

Question 31

Unstable products that are formed as a byproduct of ETC Produced by neutrophils to kill bacteria

Answer 31

REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES superoxide hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radical