Minerals

Question 1

MACROMINERALS (major elements)

Answer 1

daily requirement >100 mg/day

Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfur

Question 2

MICROMINERALS (trace elements)

Answer 2

daily requirement <100 mg/day

Iron
Zinc
etc.

Question 3

ULTRA TRACE ELEMENTS

Answer 3

daily requirements <1mg/day

Iodine
Molybdenum
Selenium

Question 4

For oxygen binding

For ABSORPTION by ENTEROCYTES

Answer 4

FERROUS (Fe2+)

Question 5

For TRANSPORT in blood via TRANSFERRIN

For STORAGE in enterocytes, liver, spleen, bone marrow (via apoferritin + ferric iron = ferritin)

Answer 5

FERRIC (Fe3+)

Question 6

For oxygen binding

For ABSORPTION by enterocytes

Answer 6

FERROUS (Fe2+)

Question 7

For TRANSPORT in blood (via TRANSFERRIN)

For STORAGE in enterocytes, liver, spleen, bone marrow

Answer 7

FERRIC (Fe3+)

Question 8

Site of iron absorption

Answer 8

PROXIMAL DUODENUM

Question 9

Favors reduction of FERRIC IRON to FERROUS IRON

Answer 9

Vitamin C

Question 10

Facilitates transfer of iron from the apical surfaces of enterocytes into their interior

Answer 10

Divalent Metal Transporter (DMT1)

Question 11

Fate of Iron into Enterocytes

Answer 11

stored as FERRITIN

travel across basolateral membrane converts ferrous to ferric via HEPHAESTIN (Cu containing protein) –> attaches to TRANSFERRIN

Question 12

Chief regulator of systemic iron homeostasis

Answer 12

HEPCIDIN

Question 13

Constituent of Vitamin B 12

Answer 13

Cobalt

Question 14

Cobalt deficiency

Answer 14

Macrocytic anemia

Question 15

Potentiates the ACTION OF INSULIN in patients w/ impaired glucose tolerance by increasing insulin receptor mediated signaling

Answer 15

Chromium

Question 16

Chromium deficiency

Answer 16

Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Question 17

Constituent of bone and teeth

Answer 17

Fluoride

Question 18

Fluoride deficiency

Answer 18

Dental caries

Question 19

Fluoride toxicity

Answer 19

Fluorosis - mottled and pitted defects in tooth enamel

Question 20

Cofactor for xanthine OSIDASE, sulfite OXIDASE, aldehyde OXIDASE

Answer 20

Molybdenum

Question 21

Molybdenum deficiency

Answer 21

Severe neurologic abnormalities

Xanthinuria

Question 22

Cofactor for Glutathione Peroxidase Deiodinase, Thioredoxin Reductase

ANTIOXIDANT along with Vitamin E

Answer 22

Selenium

Question 23

Selenium deficiency

Answer 23

Keshan’s disease (Cardiomyopathy) - heart failure, striated muscle degeneration

Question 24

Selenium toxicity

Answer 24

Kaschin-beck Disease - garlic breath, brittle nail myopathy

Question 25

Functions of Zinc

Answer 25

integral component of many metalloenzymes in the body synthesis and stabilization of proteins, DNA and RNA binding of steroid hormone receptors for normal spermatogenesis, fetal growth, embryonic devt

Question 26

Zinc toxicity

Answer 26

``` growth retardation decreased taste and smell alopecia dermatitis diarrhea immune dysfunction failure to thrive gonadal atrophy congenital malformation impaired wound healing ```

Question 27

Cofactor for arginase, carboxylase, KINASE, enolase, glucosyl transferase, phosphoglucomutase Required for RNA polymerase

Answer 27

Manganese