BioEnergetics Of Exercise And Training

Question 1

___________ of exercise and training is based on an understanding of the transfer of energy in biological systems.

Answer 1

Metabolic Specificity

Question 2

______________or the flow of energy in a biological system, concerns primarily the conversion of macronutrients- Carbs, fats, proteins.

Answer 2

Bioenergetics

Question 3

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy, is termed _____________.

Answer 3

Catabolism

Question 4

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reaction. This building up process is called?

Answer 4

Anabolism

Question 5

_______________ are energy-releasing reactions and are generally Catabolic.

Answer 5

Exergonic Reactions

Question 6

______________ - require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle.

Answer 6

Endergonic Reaction

Question 7

______________ - is the total of all the catabolic or exergonic reactions is used to drive anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system.

Answer 7

Metabolism

Question 8

______________ - energy derived from catabolic or exergonic reactions is used to drive anabolic or endergonic reactions through an intermediate molecule.

• Allows for the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.
• without as adequate supply, muscular activity and muscle growth would not be possible.
• Composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups

Answer 8

ATP

Question 9

The breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy is known as ________________.

Answer 9

Hydrolysis

Question 10

The hydrolysis of ATP is catalyzed by the presence of enzyme called _________________________.

Answer 10

Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase)

Question 11

________________ - pumping calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Calcium ATPase

Question 12

_________________ - for maintaining the sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization.

Answer 12

Sodium-potassium ATPase

Question 13

________________ - ADP which only has two phosphate groups.

Answer 13

Adenosine Diphosphate.

Question 14

Three basic energy systems exist in mammalian muscle cells to replenish ATP, they are?

Answer 14

• Phosphagen Sytem
• Glycolysis
• Oxidative system

Question 15

The Kreb cycle, electron transport, and the rest of the oxidative system are aerobic mechanisms that occur in the ______________ of muscle cells and require oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.

Answer 15

Mitochondria

Question 16

Only _________________ can be metabolized for energy without the direct involvement of oxygen.
- it is critical during anaerobic metabolism

Answer 16

Carbs

Question 17

______________ Provides ATP primarily for, short-term, high intensity activities and girly active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity.

Answer 17

Phosphagen System

Question 18

________________ also called ________________ is the enzyme tat catalyzes the synthesis at ATP from CP and ADP.
- supplies a phosphate group that combines with ADP to replenish ATP.

Answer 18

Creating Phosphate

Question 19

The body stores approximately ______ to _______g of ATP at any give time, which does not represent a significant energy reserve for exercise.

Answer 19

80 to 100g

Question 20

_______ stores cannot be completely depleted due to the necessity for basic cellular function.
-In fact, concentrations may decrease by up to 50 to 60% of the prexercise levels during experimentally induced muscle fatigue. This is why Phosphagen systems use the creative kinase reaction to maintain the concentration of ____.

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

Another important single-enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP is the __________________
- this reaction is particularly important because AMP, a product of the adenylate kinase reaction, is a powerful stimulant of glycolysis.

Answer 21

Adenylate Kinases (also called MYOKINASE) Reaction.

Question 22

The reactions of Phosphagen system are largely controlled by the _______________ or mass action effect.
-states that the concentrations of reactants or products in solution will drive the direction of the reactions.

Answer 22

Law of Mass Action

Question 23

________________ that proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the reactants due to the law of mass action.

Answer 23

Near-equilibrium reaction

Question 24

_____________ , the end result of glycolysis, may proceed in one of two directions:

1. Can be converted to lactate in the sarcoplasm
2. Can be shuttled into the mitochondria.

Answer 24

Pyruvate

Question 25

When pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate via the rapid regeneration of NAD+, but is limited in duration due to the subsequent H+ production and resulting decrease in cytosolic pH. This is called _________________

Answer 25

Anaerobic glycolysis

Question 26

However, when pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria to undergo the Krebs cycle, the ATP resynthesis rate is slower because of the numerous reactions, but can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough. This process is often referred to as _____________________.

Answer 26

Aerobic Glycolysis

Question 27

The formation of lactate from pyruvate is catalyzed by the enzyme __________________.

Answer 27

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 28

Due to the physiological pH and earlier steps in glycolysis that consume protons, ____________ - rather than lactic acid — is the product of the lactate dehydrogenase reaction.

Answer 28

Lactate

Question 29

This process of an exercise-indices decrease in pHis referred to as _____________________, and may be responsible for much of the peripheral fatigue that occurs during exercise.

Answer 29

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 30

Lactate is often used as an __________________, especially in type 1 and cardiac muscle fibers.

Answer 30

Energy substrate

Question 31

It is also used in ____________ - the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources — during extended exercise and recovery.

Answer 31

Gluconeogenesis

Question 32

_____________ - muscle that has not been desiccated

Answer 32

Wet muscle

Question 33

Lactate can also be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose. This process is called______________.

Answer 33

Cori Cycle

Question 34

the net reaction for glycolysis when pyruvate is converted to lactate may be summarized as follows: ____________+____+______——> ________ + _______ + ________

Answer 34

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP —> 2Lactate +2ATP +H2O

Question 35

__________ is the process of adding an inorganic phosphate (Pi) to another molecule

Answer 35

Phosphorylation

Question 36

______________ -refers to the resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain.

Answer 36

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 37

_____________is am common misnomer, as lactic acid is inaccurately believed to cause the burning sensations experienced with muscle fatigue.

Answer 37

Lactic Acidosis

Question 38

_______________ refers to the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways.

Answer 38

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Question 39

When muscle glycogen is broken down this is known as ?

Answer 39

Glycogenolysis

Question 40

________________ occurs when the end product of a reaction or series o reactions feeds back to regulate the turnover rate of key enzymes in the metabolic pathways.

Answer 40

Allosteric Regulation

Question 41

_______________ occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate and slows product formation.

Answer 41

Allosteric inhibition

Question 42

_______________ occurs when an “activator” binds with the enzymes and increases its turnover rate.

Answer 42

Allosteric Activation

Question 43

Phosphofructokinase is the most important regulator of glycolysis because it is the _________________.

Answer 43

Rate-limiting step

Question 44

PFK stands for ?

Answer 44

Phosphofructokinase

Question 45

_______________ is allosterically inhibited by ATP and acetyl-CoA (the latter is a Krebs cycle intermediate) and activated by high concentrations of AMP and Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.

Answer 45

Pyruvate Kinase

Question 46

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration has been termed the _____________________.

Answer 46

Lactate Threshold

Question 47

_____________________ - breaking point in the relationship between ventilation and VO2)

Answer 47

Ventilation threshold

Question 48

The LT begins at ______&_____ of maximal oxygen uptake in untrained individuals

Answer 48

50/60%

Question 49

The LT typically begins at ______&_____ in aerobically trained athletes.

Answer 49

70/80%

Question 50

_______________________ - occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches 4 Mmol/L

Answer 50

Onset of blood lactate accumulation

Question 51

The muscle cells associated with large motor units are typically ____________, which are particularly suited for anaerobic metabolism and lactate production.

Answer 51

Type 2 fibers

Question 52

______________, the primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities, uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates.

Answer 52

Oxidative System

Question 53

At rest, approximately ____ of the ATP produced is derived from fat and _____ from carbohydrate.

Answer 53

70/30%

Question 54

During ___________________, almost 100% of the energy is derived from carbohydrate if an adequate supply is available, with minimal contributions from fats and protein.

Answer 54

High intensity aerobic exercise

Question 55

The ___________ is a series of reactions that continues the oxidation of the substrate from glycolysis and produces two ATP indirectly from guanine triphosphate (GTP), via substrate-level phosphorylation, for each molecule of glucose.

Answer 55

Krebs Cycle

Question 56

One molecule of _________ can produce three molecules of ATP.

Answer 56

NADH

Question 57

One molecule of ___________ can produce only two molecules of ATP.

Answer 57

FADH2

Question 58

If the initiation of glycolysis is muscle glycogen, the net ATP production is ____, since the hexokinase reaction is not necessary with muscle glycogenolysis.

Answer 58

39

Question 59

_______ can only be used by the oxidative energy system.

Answer 59

Fats

Question 60

__________________ - a series of reactions in which the free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons.

Answer 60

Beta-Oxidation

Question 61

Although not a significant source of energy for most activities, _________ protein can be broken down into its constituent amino acids by various metabolic processes.

Answer 61

Protein

Question 62

The major amino acids that are oxidized in skeletal muscle are believed to be the __________________ (leucine, isoleucine, and valine), although alanine, aspartame, and glutamate may also be used.

Answer 62

BCAAs

Question 63

the _____________ in the Krebs cycle is the conversion of isocitrate to a-keto glutamate, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase.

Answer 63

Rate-Limiting Step

Question 64

___________ is defined as a level of muscular activity that’s can be quantified in terms of power output.

Answer 64

Exercise Intensity

Question 65

The _________________ is capable of achieving the highest rate of ATP production.

Answer 65

Phosphagen system

Question 66

_______________ has the greatest capacity of ATP production

Answer 66

Fat Oxidation

Question 67

______________ experienced during many activities is frequently associated with the depletion of Phosphagen and glycogen.

Answer 67

Fatigue

Question 68

Phosphagen concentrations in muscle are more rapidly depleted as a result of _________________________.

Answer 68

High-intensity anaerobic exercise

Question 69

_________________ can decrease markedly (50-70%) during the first stage of high-intensity exercise of short and moderate duration (5-30sec) and can be almost completely depleted as a result of very intense exercise to exhaustion

Answer 69

Creating Phosphate

Question 70

Post exercise: - completely resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within __________ - complete CP resynthesis can occur with _____________.

Answer 70

- ATP - 3-5min | - CP- 8min

Question 71

_________________ has been shown to increase the resting concentrations of Phosphagens in the triceps brachial after five weeks of training.

Answer 71

Resistance training

Question 72

The increases in Phosphagen concentration may have occurred due to selective hypertrophy of _________,, which can contain a higher Phosphagen concentration of Type 1 fibers.

Answer 72

Type 2 fibers

Question 73

Approximately ____ to ____ of glycogen ar stored in the body’s total muscle and about ____ to ____ in the liver.

Answer 73

300 to 400g | 70 to 100g

Question 74

__________________ is a more important energy source than liver glycogen during moderate - and high-intensity exercise.

Answer 74

Muscle Glycogen

Question 75

__________________ appears to be more important during low-intensity exercise, and is contribution to metabolic processes increases with duration of exercise.

Answer 75

Liver Glycogen

Question 76

Increases in relative exercise intensity of 50%,75%, and 100% of max oxygen uptake result in increases in the rate of ______________________.

Answer 76

Muscle glycogenolysis

Question 77

The greater the intensity, the faster the rate of _________________.

Answer 77

Glycogenolysis

Question 78

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to post exercise _______________ ingestion. Repletion appears to be optimal of 0.7 to 3.0g per kilo of body weight ingested every 2 hours following exercises.

Answer 78

Carbohydrate

Question 79

If the exercise has a high ________________ (associated with exercise - induced muscle damage), more time may be required to completely replenish muscle glycogen.

Answer 79

Eccentric Component

Question 80

___________________ is a measure of a persons ability to take in oxygen via the respiratory system and deliver it to the working tissues via the cardiovascular system, and the ability of working tissues (predominantly skeletal muscle) to use oxygen.

Answer 80

Oxygen uptake

Question 81

The anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise is termed the _________________.

Answer 81

Oxygen deficit

Question 82

______________ postexercise oxygen uptake.

Answer 82

Oxygen debt or Excess postexercise oxygen consumption

Question 83

The ______________ is the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body in the preexercise condition.

Answer 83

EPOC

Question 84

Contributions from anaerobic mechanisms from anaerobic mechanisms are primary up to __________, after which aerobic metabolism becomes the primary energy-supplying mechanism.

Answer 84

60 seconds

Question 85

______________ is a method that emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for a more efficient energy transfer within the metabolic pathways by using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods.

Answer 85

Interval training

Question 86

________________ involves brief repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise with intermittent recovery periods. - Often discussed in terms of duty cycles involving a high intensity work phase followed by a lower-intensity recovery phase.

Answer 86

HITT

Question 87

Some suggest that aerobic endurance training should be added to the training of anaerobic athletes ( a process that can be termed __________________. )

Answer 87

Combination Training or Cross training