Psychology Of Athletic Prep. & Performance

Question 1

_________________ - the ultimate goal of every athlete.

Answer 1

Ideal performance state

Question 2

________________ - employing only the amount of mental and physical energy required to perform the task.

Answer 2

Physiological Efficiency

Question 3

______________ is typically associated with skilled performance, when actions are fluid and graceful. An athlete adopts a task-relevant focus, not wasting attention on task-irrelevant processing such as worrying, catastrophizing, or thinking about other things such as a critical audience or coach.

Answer 3

Efficiency

Question 4

________________ - is a multifaceted discipline, drawing on constructs of exercise science and psychological principles, that seeks to understand the influence of behavioral processes and cognitions on movement.
- is typically classified as a scientific field of study within sports medicine.

Answer 4

Sport psychology

Question 5

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-

Answer 5

• Measuring psychological phenomena
• Investigating the relationships between psychological variables and performance
• applying theoretical knowledge to improve athletic performance.

Question 6

The ideal performance state has been studied from a number of perspectives. Williams and Krane listed the following characteristics that athletes typically report about this state:

Answer 6

• Absence of fear
• no thinking about or analysis
• a narrow focus of attention (on activity)
• a sense of effortlessness
• a sense of personal control
• a distortion of time and space

Question 7

Athletes who deplete energy through worry, anger, frustration, or anxiety experience a greater likelihood of ______________ and decreased _____________, and they have less physical energy for when they really need to perform.

Answer 7

Distraction and Self-confidence

Question 8

___________________ - are temporary feeling states that occur in response to events and that have both physiological and psychological components.

Answer 8

EMotions

Question 9

_______________ - is simply a blend of physiological and psychological activation in an individual and refers to the intensity of motivation at any given moment.
- always present in an individual to some degree, on a continuum ranging from being deeply asleep, or comatose, to highly excited; but in and of itself it is not automatically associated with pleasant or unpleasant events.

Answer 9

Arousal

Question 10

______________- is a subcategory of arousal in that it is a negatively perceived emotional state characterized by nervousness, worry, apprehension, or fear and is associated with a physiological activation of the boy.

Answer 10

Anxiety

Question 11

because anxiety requires the individuals negative perception of a situation, it incorporates a cognitive component, called _________________.

Answer 11

Cognitive anxiety

Question 12

What form of anxieties a physical reaction, i.e. tense muscles, tachycardia (fast heart rate), and upset stomach?

Answer 12

Somatic anxiety

Question 13

____________________ - refers to a subjective experience of apprehension and uncertainty accompanied by elevated autonomic and voluntary neural outflow and increased endocrine activity.
- is generally a negative experience, but its effects on athletic performance can be positive, negative, or indifferent, depending on such factors as the athlete’s skill level and personality and the complexity of the task to be performed.

Answer 13

State anxiety

Question 14

_______________ - a personality variable or disposition relating to the probability that will perceive an environment as threatening.
- acts as a primer for the athlete to experience state anxiety.

Answer 14

Trait anxiety

Question 15

People with high levels of ____________________ tend to flood attentional capacity with task-irrelevant cognitions, such as thoughts of failure, catastrophe, or ego-oriented concerns.

Answer 15

Trait anxiety

Question 16

____________________- is typically initiated by uncertainty about a present or anticipated event.

• a high degree of ego involvement.
• a perceived discrepancy between ones ability and the demands for athletic success.
• a fear of the consequences of failure.

Answer 16

Psychological efficiency

Question 17

_________________ is defined as a substantiol imbalance between demand (physical psychological, or both) and response capability, under conditions in which failure to meet that demand has important consequences.

Answer 17

Stress

Question 18

A _____________ is an environmental or cognitive event that precipitates as a negative (DISTRESS) or a positive (EUSTRESS) state.

Answer 18

Stressor

Question 19

______________ - proposes that as an individuals arousal or state anxiety increases, so too does performance. Thus, the more psyched up athletes become, the better they perform.

Answer 19

Drive theory

Question 20

The more ________ an athlete has developed, the better he or she can perform during states of less-than or greater-than- optimal arousal.

Answer 20

Skill

Question 21

The optimal _______________ point is lower for less skilled athletes than for more advanced player. Therefore coaches should lower and decrease the decision-making responsibilities of developing or unseasoned athletes and have them focus on simple assignments to prevent attentional overload.

Answer 21

Arousal

Question 22

For example, running a very _________________ in terms of motor control and functional anatomy, but athletes fortunately do not have to devote much conscious attention to the coordinated action.

Answer 22

Complex task

Question 23

_______________ - this theory states that arousal facilitates performance up to an optimal level, beyond which further increases in arousal are associated with reduced performance.

Answer 23

Inverted- U theory

Question 24

____________________ - (1) ideal performance does not seem to always occur at the midpoint of the arousal continuum. And (2) rather than there being a single defined arousal point at which optimal performance occurs, this best performance can occur within a small range, or bandwidth, of arousal level.

Answer 24

Individual zones of optimal functioning

Question 25

________________, somatic arousal has a curvilinear, inverted-U relationship to athletic performance, whereas cognitive anxiety shows a steady negative relationship to performance. - the practical implication of this theory is that the arousal constructs need to be clearly delineated as cognitive anxiety, physiological arousal, somatic anxiety, or some combination of these.

Answer 25

Catastrophe theory

Question 26

________________ - posits that the way in which arousal and anxiety affect performance depends on the individuals interpretation of that arousal. Essentially, one athlete might interpret high levels of arousal as excitement and indicative or performance readiness, while another athlete, experiencing the same emotion at the same arousal level, would interpret that feeling as unpleasant and reflective of a lack of confidence.

Answer 26

Reversal Theory

Question 27

___________________ - can be defined as the intensity and direction of effort.

Answer 27

Motivation

Question 28

_________ is a desire to be competent and self-determining. Athletes are driven because of their love of the game and the inherent reward they feel from participation.

Answer 28

intrinsic motivation

Question 29

_______________ is motivation that comes from some external as opposed to internal source. - awards, trophies, praise from coaches and teammates, social approval ,and fear of punishment.

Answer 29

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 30

___________________ - which refers to a persons efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, and engage in competition or social comparison.

Answer 30

Achievement motivation

Question 31

___________________ - relates to the capacity to experience pride in ones accomplishments and is characterized by a desire to challenge oneself and evaluate ones abilities.

Answer 31

Motive to achieve success.

Question 32

__________________ - relates to the desire to protect ones ego and self-esteem. it is not really about avoiding failure itself. It is more about avoiding the perception of shame that accompanies the failure.

Answer 32

Motive to Avoid Failure

Question 33

Comforted by a very challenging goal, such as gaining a significant amount of lean muscle weight during the hypertrophy phase of a periodized cycle, the ___________ dominated individual might reduce effort because he or she fears failure and the threat to self-esteem, whereas the ___________ dominated individual might heighten effort in response to the challenge and not perceive any threat.

Answer 33

MAF | MAS

Question 34

______________ involves the athlete in decisions related to the practice structure, including when to receive feedback or which skill to practice; it also involves simply asking athletes how they believe they are doing.

Answer 34

Self-controlled practice

Question 35

________________ is the actor increasing the probability of occurrence of a given behavior by following it with a positive action, object, or event such as praise, decals on the helmet or prizes and awards.

Answer 35

Positive Reinforcement

Question 36

_________________ - also increases the probability of occurrence of a given operant, but it is accomplished through the removal of an act, object, or event that is typically aversive.

Answer 36

Negative Reinforcement

Question 37

________________ - is the presentation of an act, object, or event following a behavior that could decrease the behavior occurrence. EXAMPLE - reprimanding a player after a mistake or making an athlete do push-ups or sprints after a fumble.

Answer 37

Positive Punishment

Question 38

______________ - or the removal of something valued, could take the form of revoking privileges or playing time, as in benching.

Answer 38

Negative Punishment

Question 39

A positive approach, is arguably better because it focuses on what athletes should do and what they did right - _____________________

Answer 39

Specific Positive Feedback

Question 40

_____________ - is defined as the processing of both environment and internal cues that come to awareness.

Answer 40

Attention

Question 41

The ability to inhibit awareness of some stimuli in order to process others is termed ________________.

Answer 41

Selective attention

Question 42

Place kickers can deal with this anxiety and attentional challenge by adopting a ritual or a mental checklist, commonly referred to as a ________________, that consciously directs thoughts to task-relevant and controllable concerns. (Eg. Breathing, checking the turf. Etc)

Answer 42

Routine

Question 43

_____________ ,the athlete progresses through three stages when learning new motor skills. 1st stage - Cognitive Stage - Effortful and conscious regulation of the movement. 2nd stage. - Associative Stage - athlete must focus on the task but is less concerned with the details of the movement. Stage of Automaticity - during which the mind is relaxed and the skill is executed automatically without thinking .

Answer 43

Classic Theory

Question 44

___________________ - referred to as belly breathing, this form of breathing is a basic stress management technique cursor to virtually all other mental training technique. * has major influence on heart rate and muscle tension due to cardiac control centers in the brain stem.

Answer 44

Diaphragmatic Breathing

Question 45

_____________________can decrease neural stimulation of both the skeltal muscles and organs, resulting in a sense of deep relaxation.

Answer 45

Rhythmic breathing

Question 46

___________________ is a technique by which psychological and physical arousal are self -regulated through the control oof skeletal muscle tension.

Answer 46

Progressive muscle relaxation

Question 47

__________________ ,consists of a series of exercises designed to produce physical sensations in the body — generally warmth and heaviness.

Answer 47

autogenic training

Question 48

______________ - systematic desensitization combines mental and physical techniques that allow an athlete to replace a fear response to various cues with a relaxation response. * teaches the athlete to use a specific relaxation skill-based coping response to control for cognitive arousal.

Answer 48

Systematic desensitization

Question 49

_______________ - can bedefined as a cognitive pe skill in which the athlete creates or recreates an experience in his or her mind.

Answer 49

Imagery

Question 50

________________ - however, allows the athlete to get used to this uncertain environment over longer periods of time despite minimal real-world competitive opportunity.

Answer 50

Mental Imagery

Question 51

_____________ - is the belief that one can successfully perform a desired behavior, while ___________ , a situationally specific form of self-confidence, is the perception of ones ability to perform a given task in a specific situation.

Answer 51

Self-confidence | Self-efficacy

Question 52

``` According to Bandura’s theory, a persons self efficacy derives from a number of sources: - - - - - - ```

Answer 52

1. Performance accomplishment 2. Vicarious experiences 3. Verbal Persuasion 4. Imaginable Experience 5. Physiological states 6. Emotional states

Question 53

___________________ influences peoples choice of activity, their level of effort in that activity, and how much persistence they will have in the face of challenging obstacles.

Answer 53

Self-Efficacy

Question 54

_____________ or intrapersonal communication, is the inner dialogue we have with ourselves.

Answer 54

Self-talk

Question 55

______________ can be characterized as a process whereby progressively challenging standards of performance are pursued with a defined criterion of task performance that increases the likelihood of perceived success.

Answer 55

Goal Setting

Question 56

What are some reasons why goal setting affects performance: - - -

Answer 56

1. Goals direct an athletes attention by prioritizing efforts. 2. Goals increase effort because of the contingency of success on goal attainment. 3. Goals increase positive reinforcement through the feedback given to athletes.

Question 57

_________________ - are those over whose achievement the athlete has control.

Answer 57

Process goals

Question 58

_____________ are ones over which the athlete has little control; typically, winning is the primary focus. In sport focus on the competitive result of an event, so earning a medal, scoring points, and generating a high ranking would all fall in this category.

Answer 58

Outcome Goals

Question 59

_______________ are generally those that are directly related to current training or competition and are guidelines that can be attained in a relatively short time frame. - Also increase the likelihood of success because, although challenging, they are relatively close to the athletes present ability level. - also increase confidence, self-efficacy, and motivation because of the likelihood of success.

Answer 59

Short-term goals.

Question 60

_________________ are those that overarching the series of linked short-term goals.

Answer 60

Long-term goals

Question 61

_______________ addresses the skill in its entirety.

Answer 61

Whole practice

Question 62

______________ separates the skill into a series of subcomponents. EXAMPLE - a snatch that you can break down into four subcomponents: the first pull, transition, second pull, and catch.

Answer 62

Part practice

Question 63

________________ - breaks down the Tass into a series of subcomponents that have clear breaks between them. EXAMPLE - Snatch breakdown

Answer 63

Segmentation

Question 64

_______________ breaks the tasks into subcomponents that occur simultaneously.

Answer 64

Fractionalizaion

Question 65

_________________ - adjusts the difficulty of the tasks by changing task characteristics such as the execution speed or the equipment used. Ex. Snatch with a PVC.

Answer 65

Simplification

Question 66

______________ (also known as the part-whole method) has the athlete practice each subcomponents of the skill multiple times independently.

Answer 66

Pure-part training

Question 67

_________________ has the athlete practice the first two parts in isolation before practicing these parts together.

Answer 67

Progressive-part training

Question 68

_________________ has the athlete practice only the first part in isolation; then each subsequent part is added until the whole task is reintegrated.

Answer 68

Repetitive part training

Question 69

In __________________, multiple skills are practiced in a random order during a given practice session. Ex. During blocked practice, the athlete may performs multiple squat depth jumps before progressing to another skill.

Answer 69

Random Practice

Question 70

Similar to random practice, ______________ includes variations of the same skill within a single practice session as opposed to specific practice in which a specific skill(i.e., depth jump to second box of specific height) is repeated multiple times.

Answer 70

Variable Practice

Question 71

_______________ , or practice through observation of the task or skill to be performed, has important implications for motor skill learning. - video practice to help perfect form etc.

Answer 71

Observational Practice

Question 72

_________________ include prescriptive information that gives the athlete the “rule” for effectively executing the given task.

Answer 72

Explicit instructions

Question 73

______________ provides the athlete with instructions about the overall movement goal and important prompts for task accomplishment without explicitly telling the athlete how to accomplish the task.

Answer 73

Guided discovery

Question 74

______________ instructs the athlete on the overarching goal of the task and the athlete receives little to no direction.

Answer 74

Discovery

Question 75

____________________ is feedback provided to the athlete by the athlete from the senses- for example - sensor information about missing a box during a squat box jump.

Answer 75

Intrinsic Feedback

Question 76

________________ is feedback provided to the athletes by either an observer, such as a coach, or technology, such as video or laboratory equipment.

Answer 76

Augmented feedback

Question 77

___________________ provides the athlete with information about the execution of the task goal. Ex. With a T-drill, the coach can tell the athlete can also be given normative information about how this time compares with others.

Answer 77

Knowledge of Results

Question 78

_________________ feedback provides the athlete with information about his or her movement pattern. This can be delivered in form of video analysis.

Answer 78

Knowledge of performance