biofizika Flashcards

(61 cards)

1
Q

What is humidity?
a) Humidity is the concentration of oxygen vapor in the air
b) Humidity is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air
c) Humidity is the concentration of water vapor in the air
d) Humidity is the concentration of harmful gases in the air

A

c) Humidity is the concentration of water vapor in the air

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2
Q

What is saturated humidity?
a) it is when the concentration of water vapor is so high that it becomes impossible
to breathe the air
b) it is when the concentration of water vapor in the air, regardless of temperature,
no longer increases
c) it is when the concentration of water vapor in the air at a given temperature no
longer increases
d) this is when the concentration of water vapor in the air does not change for
several days in a row

A

c) it is when the concentration of water vapor in the air at a given temperature no
longer increases

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3
Q

What happens when the concentration of water vapor exceeds the saturation
humidity?
a) they turn into droplets on leaves, grass and other objects
b) they fly away into the sky like clouds
c) the air humidity is forced to increase
d) the air humidity is forced to decrease

A

a) they turn into droplets on leaves, grass and other objects

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4
Q

How is absolute humidity determined?
a) Absolute air humidity is calculated by dividing the mass of water contained in the
air by the volume occupied by a given amount of air.
b) Absolute air humidity is calculated by dividing the actual absolute air humidity
by the maximum possible absolute humidity at a given temperature.
c) Absolute air humidity is calculated by dividing the mass of water contained in
the air by the concentration of water vapor released when water boils
d) Absolute air humidity is calculated by dividing the actual absolute air humidity
by the maximum possible absolute air humidity specified at the Earth’s equator at a
given temperature.

A

a) Absolute air humidity is calculated by dividing the mass of water contained in the
air by the volume occupied by a given amount of air.

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5
Q

How is relative humidity determined?
a) relative air humidity is calculated by dividing the mass of water contained in the
air by the volume occupied by a given amount of air.
b) relative air humidity is calculated by dividing the actual absolute air humidity by
the maximum possible absolute humidity at a given temperature.
c) relative air humidity is calculated by dividing the mass of water contained in the
air by the concentration of water vapor released when water boils
d) relative air humidity is calculated by dividing the actual absolute air humidity by
the maximum possible absolute air humidity specified at the Earth’s equator at a
given temperature.

A

b) relative air humidity is calculated by dividing the actual absolute air humidity by
the maximum possible absolute humidity at a given temperature.

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6
Q

What is the maximum air humidity?
maximum air humidity corresponds to the maximum possible absolute humidity at
a determined temperature. It is reached when the partial pressure of water vapor in
the air reaches the saturated water vapor pressure at the respective temperature. In
this state, the relative humidity of the air corresponds to …
a) 50 %
b) 70 %
c) 80 %
d) 100 %

A

d) 100 %

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7
Q

What is the Dew point temperature
a) The dew point temperature is defined as the temperature at which the current
water vapor content in the air is at its maximum. That is, the current water vapor
pressure corresponds to the water vapor pressure of saturated air humidity.
b) to the current atmospheric air pressure
c) to the current water vapor pressure
d) to the maximum atmospheric air pressure at a given temperature
e) to the minimum atmospheric air pressure at a given temperature

A

a) The dew point temperature is defined as the temperature at which the current
water vapor content in the air is at its maximum. That is, the current water vapor
pressure corresponds to the water vapor pressure of saturated air humidity.

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8
Q

Man feels most comfortable in a range of about ……. relative humidity for
light to medium activities.
a) 0 % to 30 %
b) 20 % to 30 %
c) 30 % to 65 %
d) 65 % to 100 %

A

c) 30 % to 65 %

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9
Q

Biomechanics studies …
a) human body
b) animal body
c) mechanical workings of cells
d) all answers are correct

A

d) all answers are correct

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10
Q

Indicate the most complete answer
Biomechanics helps to create …
a) sports equipment
b) methods of rehabilitation after injuries
c) special painkillers
d) everything from optimal sports equipment to injury rehabilitation techniques.

A

d) everything from optimal sports equipment to injury rehabilitation techniques.

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11
Q

Biomechanics is the science of movement…
a) living bodies
b) robots
c) athletes
d) injured people

A

a) living bodies

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12
Q

Biomechanics can be used to design
a) sports equipment
b) clothing, shoes
c) the fields and facilities where sports are played
d) all answers are correct

A

d) all answers are correct

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13
Q

What is Ergometry?
Ergometry is a science that measures the amount of physical work performed by
the body, usually during exercise, and is aimed at …
a) the performance of certain muscles or muscle groups
b) endurance of bone tissue loads
c) endurance of the pulmonary-respiratory tract
d) all answers are correct

A

a) the performance of certain muscles or muscle groups

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14
Q

YMCA Submaximal Cycling Test. If the athlete is 30 years old, determine his
target heart rate limit?
a)95-190
b)95-142
c) 70-95
d) 70-190

A

b)95-142

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15
Q

What is Biorheology?
a) Biorheology is a science treating the characteristics of biological materials such
as fluids circulating inside the human body or the artificial biocompatible materials
b) Biorheology is the science of the movement of a living body, including how
muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments work together to move
c) Biorheology is a science that measures the amount of physical work done by the
body, usually during exertion, and is aimed at the performance of specific muscles
or muscle groups
d) Biorheology is a science of measurements, methods, and means of ensuring
their unity, and ways to achieve the required accuracy

A

a) Biorheology is a science treating the characteristics of biological materials such
as fluids circulating inside the human body or the artificial biocompatible materials

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16
Q

What percentage of the human body is water? List by age: for infants, men
and women 45 years old, elderly people?
a) 40, 50-60, 75
b) 75, 50-60, 40
c) 50-60, 75, 40
d) 50-60, 40, 75

A

b) 75, 50-60, 40

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17
Q

What is viscosity?
Viscosity is the following phenomenon:
a) when a real liquid flows, its individual layers will not interact with each other,
therefore they move independently
b) when a real liquid flows, its individual layers will not interact with each other,
therefore they move equally
c) when the liquid moves, its layers act on each other, directed tangents to the
layers.

A

c) when the liquid moves, its layers act on each other, directed tangents to the
layers.

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18
Q

Which liquids are Newtonian?
a) if the viscosity of the liquid does not depend on the velocity gradient d/dx
b) if the viscosity of the liquid depends on the velocity gradient d/dx
c) if the viscosity of the liquid depends on the square of the velocity gradient
(d/dx)2
d) if the viscosity of the liquid depends on the nth power of the velocity gradient
(d/dx)3

A

a) if the viscosity of the liquid does not depend on the velocity gradient d/dx

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19
Q

Which liquids are non-Newtonian?
a) if the viscosity of the liquid does not depend on the velocity gradient d/dx
b) if the viscosity of the liquid depends on the velocity gradient d/dx
c) if the viscosity of the liquid depends on the square of the velocity gradient
(d/dx)2
d) all types of liquids that are not Newtonian

A

b) if the viscosity of the liquid depends on the velocity gradient d/dx

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20
Q

Which answer provides a correct sequence of fluids that are non-Newtonian
fluids?
a) asphalt, lava, molten metal, blood
b) asphalt, lava, thin motor oil, water
c) asphalt, lava, blood, kerosene
d) water, air, alcohol, glycerol

A

a) asphalt, lava, molten metal, blood

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21
Q

Which answer provides a correct sequence of fluids that are Newtonian
fluids?
a) asphalt, lava, molten metal, blood
b) asphalt, lava, thin motor oil, water
c) asphalt, lava, blood, kerosene
d) water, air, alcohol, glycerol

A

d) water, air, alcohol, glycerol

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22
Q

The law of reflection states that the incident and reflected rays, as well as the
normal emanating from the point of incidence, lie in the same plane, …
a) and the angle of reflection of the ray is equal to the angle of incidence
b) and the sum of the angles of reflection and incidence is always equal to a right
angle
c) and the angle of reflection of the ray is twice the angle of incidence
d) and the ratio of the sines of the angles of reflection and incidence of the rays is
equal to the refractive index of the given medium

A

a) and the angle of reflection of the ray is equal to the angle of incidence

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23
Q

The law of refraction states that the incident and refracted rays, as well as the
normal emanating from the point of incidence of the ray, lie in the same plane, …
a) and the angle of refraction of the ray is equal to the angle of incidence
b) the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the
inverse ratio of the refractive indices of the first and second media
c) and the angle of refraction of the ray is twice the angle of incidence
d) and in this case, the angle of refraction of the beam is always greater than the
angle of incidence

A

b) the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the
inverse ratio of the refractive indices of the first and second media

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24
Q

Interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent waves combine by
adding their intensities or displacements, taking into account their phase
difference. The resulting wave may have a higher intensity or a lower amplitude, …
a) if the two waves are in antiphase or in phase, respectively
b) if the two waves are in phase or in antiphase, respectively
c) if two waves have the same or different wavelengths, respectively
d) if two waves have different or the same wavelengths, respectively

A

b) if the two waves are in phase or in antiphase, respectively

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25
Diffraction grating is a) an optical device consisting of a large number of parallel, usually equidistant slits. b) a sequence of optical lenses that provides the best alignment c) an optical device consisting of a large number of square slits d) a flat reflector consisting of a large number of parallel, usually equidistant slits.
a) an optical device consisting of a large number of parallel, usually equidistant slits
26
Holography is a method of recording and restoring images based on... a) wave interference and diffraction b) wave reflection and refraction c) wave amplification and attenuation d) there is no correct answer
a) wave interference and diffraction
27
With an increase in the number of slits at a certain distance of the diffraction grating, ... a) the number of diffraction spectra increases b) the quality of the diffraction spectra deteriorates c) the quality of the diffraction spectra improves ra improves d) the number of diffraction spectra decrea
c) the quality of the diffraction spectra improves
28
What is an Abbe refractometer? a) The Abbe device is the most convenient and widely used telescope in astronomy b) The Abbe refractometer is a polaroid widely used in glasses to reduce light flickering c) The Abbe refractometer is a tabletop instrument for high-precision measurement of refractive index d) An Abbe refractometer is a special polaroid glass used to enhance the intensity of a night light.
c) The Abbe refractometer is a tabletop instrument for high-precision measurement of refractive index
29
What parts does an Abbe refractometer consist of? a) a system of two prisms, one of which is fixed, the other is mobile b) two sets of Amisi Prisms c) a system of optical lenses d) all of the listed parts are components of an Abbe refractometer
d) all of the listed parts are components of an Abbe refractometer
30
Indicate the wrong answer regarding the Abbe refractometer? a) the system of two prisms are separated by a very thin slit for placing the sample b) the upper prism has the ability to rotate with a special lever to fix the refraction angle c) the surface of the lower prism is made rough so that the incident beam can be evenly dispersed d) the surface of the lower prism is made rough so that the incident beam cannot be evenly dispersed
d) the surface of the lower prism is made rough so that the incident beam cannot be evenly dispersed
31
Why are two sets of amici prisms used in the Abbe refractometer? They can rotate relative to each other... a) and at a certain position they can provide maximum amplification of the incident beam intensity b) the first one scatters white light into different lights, and the other one collects them back into white light c) and at a certain position, the light passing through them will completely disappear, which means that the sum of their refractive indices will be equal to the refractive index of the sample under study d) none of the listed answers are correct
b) the first one scatters white light into different lights, and the other one collects them back into white light
32
Indicate the correct answer? a) An electromagnetic wave in which the vectors E and, consequently, H are in strictly perpendicular planes is called a plane-polarized wave. b) An electromagnetic wave in which the vectors E and H are on the same plane is called a plane-polarized wave. с) An electromagnetic wave in which the vectors E and H are parallel on the same plane is called a plane-polarized wave. d) none of the listed answers are correct
a) An electromagnetic wave in which the vectors E and, consequently, H are in strictly perpendicular planes is called a plane-polarized wave.
33
Indicate the correct answer? a) The plane passing through the electric vector E in the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave is the plane of polarization. b) The plane passing through the magneric vector H in the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave is the plane of polarization. c) The plane of the boundary between two media on which an electromagnetic wave falls is the plane of polarization. d) none of the listed answers are correct
a) The plane passing through the electric vector E in the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave is the plane of polarization.
34
Which of the following is polarized? a) light from the sun b) light from a lamp filament c) light from a flame d) light emitted by a single atom
d) light emitted by a single atom
35
What is unpolarized light? a) the sum of unpolarized lights b) the sum of separately polarized lights c) emitted directly by the hottest point of the Sun d) polarized light loses its polarization after multiple scattering
b) the sum of separately polarized lights
36
Find the wrong answer? a) A device transforming natural light into polarized light is called a polarizer. b) A polarizer transmits only a component of vector 𝐸 ⃗ onto a certain plane, which is called the main polarizer plane. c) A polarizer can be used to analyze polarized light; in this case, it is called an analyzer. d) When rotating the polarizer around a beam of natural light, its intensity will also change depending on the angle of rotation.
d) When rotating the polarizer around a beam of natural light, its intensity will also change depending on the angle of rotation.
37
. Find the wrong answer? a) When polarized light passes through a polarizer, the intensity of this light will be equal to half the intensity of the incident light. b) When the polarizer rotates around a ray of natural light, the plane of oscillations of the plane polarized light emitted by the device, rotates too, but its intensity does not change с) If polarized light passes through a polarizer located in the same plane of polarization of the light, then the intensity of the light will not change. d) When polarized light passes through a polarizer, the intensity of that light will be one-quarter the intensity of the incident light.
d) When polarized light passes through a polarizer, the intensity of that light will be one-quarter the intensity of the incident light.
38
Find the correct continuation of the sentence started? When reflected from the boundary between two dielectrics, natural light is partially polarized. ... a) In the reflected beam, oscillations perpendicular to the plane of incidence predominate; in the refracted beam, parallel to the plane. b) In the reflected beam, oscillations parallel to the plane of incidence predominate; in the refracted beam, perpendicular to the plane. с) the predominance of the polarization of the oscillation in the reflected and refracted rays in one plane or another will change periodically d) All the listed answers are correct
a) In the reflected beam, oscillations perpendicular to the plane of incidence predominate; in the refracted beam, parallel to the plane.
39
Correctly indicate the idea of Brewster's law for polarized rays? a) If the angle between the reflected and refracted rays becomes equal to a right angle, then the refracted ray becomes a completely plane polarized ray. b) If the angle between the reflected and refracted rays becomes equal to a right angle, then the reflected ray becomes a completely plane polarized ray. c) If the angle between the reflected and refracted rays becomes equal to a right angle, then the reflected ray will disappear completely. d) If the angle between the reflected and refracted rays becomes equal to 100 degrees, the reflected ray becomes a completely plane-polarized ray.
b) If the angle between the reflected and refracted rays becomes equal to a right angle, then the reflected ray becomes a completely plane polarized ray.
40
Is it possible to somehow obtain polarized light without using a special polarizer? a) impossible b) possible, using a stack of ordinary flat glass, placed vertically, so that the light can pass through them sequentially. c) possible, using a stack of ordinary flat glass heated to a certain temperature and placed vertically so that the light can pass through them sequentially. d) possible, using a stack of ordinary flat glass, cooled to a certain temperature and placed vertically so that the light can pass through them sequentially.
b) possible, using a stack of ordinary flat glass, placed vertically, so that the light can pass through them sequentially.
41
Choose the correct words in place of the ellipsis? Some transparent crystals have the property of double refraction: when light hits the crystal, the beam is divided into two. For one of the beams, the laws of refraction are valid, so such a beam is called ...... for the other, the laws are not valid, and the beam is called ...... a) natural, supernatural b) polarized, non-polarized c) ordinary, extraordinary d) coherent, incoherent
c) ordinary, extraordinary
42
Find the wrong answer? a) A polarizing microscope is a type of optical microscope designed to study the structure of anisotropic objects. b) A polarizing microscope is a type of optical microscope designed to study the structure of isotropic objects. c) Polarizing microscopes are used to study objects that have double refraction d) this property of materials appears when they are irradiated with polarizing rays.
b) A polarizing microscope is a type of optical microscope designed to study the structure of isotropic objects.
43
Structurally, a polarization microscope differs from a conventional light microscope by the presence of two polarization filters -...... a) a polarizer and a dark plane glass b) a polarizer and an analyzer c) two polarizers located in series d) two analyzers located in series
b) a polarizer and an analyzer
44
In a polarization microscope, the polarizer and analyzer are installed as follows: a) polarizer - between the light source and the condenser of the lighting device. Analyzer - between the objective and the eyepiece of the microscope. b) analyzer - between the light source and the condenser of the lighting device. polarizer - between the objective and the eyepiece of the microscope c) the microscope does not use a polarizer, only two analyzers are used d) the microscope does not use an analyzer, only two polarizers are used
a) polarizer - between the light source and the condenser of the lighting device. Analyzer - between the objective and the eyepiece of the microscope.
45
Find the wrong idea for this context? a) Since some tissues, such as muscles, bones, nerves, have optical anisotropy, polarization microscopy of biological objects is possible. b) When crossing a polarizer and an analyzer, only those fibers whose anisotropy changes the polarized light will be visible. c) Polarized light can be used in model conditions to assess mechanical stresses occurring in bone tissue. d) as muscle tension increases, the anisotropy of the fibers disappears
d) as muscle tension increases, the anisotropy of the fibers disappears
46
Find the wrong idea for this context? a) Hemodynamics is a field of biomechanics that studies vascular circulation. b) The physical basis of hemodynamics is hydrodynamics. c) Blood flow depends on how well the liver functions d) Blood flow depends on both the properties of the blood and the properties of the blood vessels.
c) Blood flow depends on how well the liver functions
47
A description of the hydrodynamic model of the body's blood circulation proposed by O. Frank is given. Find the incorrect idea among the answers. a) The arterial part of the circulatory system is modeled by an elastic reservoir (ER). b) Since the blood is in the elastic reservoir, at any point in time its volume depends on pressure P meeting the following ratio: V=V0 + kP c) Hydraulic resistance of the peripheral system is assumed to be variable. d) The elastic reservoir (arteries) receives blood from the heart; the volumetric blood flow is equal to Q. From the elastic reservoir, the blood flows away with volumetric blood flow Q0 to the peripheral system (arterioles, capillaries).
c) Hydraulic resistance of the peripheral system is assumed to be variable.
48
Find the wrong idea for this context? a) Biological membranes are an important part of a cell. b) They delimit a cell from the environment, protect it from harmful external influences, control the exchange between the cell and its environment, contribute to the generation of electrical potentials, participate in synthesis of universal ATP energy accumulators in mitochondria, etc. c) Essentially, membranes form the structure of a cell and carry out its functions. Many diseases (atherosclerosis, poisoning, etc.) are associated with a disorder of the structure and function of membranes. d) They protect the skin from harmful external influences and control the exchange between the cell and the environment.
d) They protect the skin from harmful external influences and control the exchange between the cell and the environment.
49
Find the incorrect idea among the answers. a) Membranes surround all cells (plasmatic or external cell membranes). b) Without a membrane, the contents of a cell would be simply spilt; diffusion would generate thermodynamic equilibrium, which means absence of life. c) We can say that the first cell sprang up when it was able to isolate itself from the environment with a membrane. d) The membranes are only a few nanometers thick, so they are clearly visible under an optical microscope.
d) The membranes are only a few nanometers thick, so they are clearly visible under an optical microscope.
50
Find the incorrect idea among the answers. a) The basis of any membrane structure is a double lipid layer (mostly phospholipids). b) Molecules of lipids forming the membrane are aliphatic compounds, i.e. they consist of two functionally different parts: polar head and non-polar hydrophobic tail c) The double lipid layer is formed from two monolayers of lipids so that the hydrophobic tails of both layers are directed inwardly. At the same time, the smallest possible contact of hydrophobic parts of molecules with water is ensured d) The lipid bilayer is formed from two lipid monolayers in such a way that the hydrophobic tails of both layers are directed inward. This ensures the greatest possible contact of the hydrophobic parts of the molecules with water.
d) The lipid bilayer is formed from two lipid monolayers in such a way that the hydrophobic tails of both layers are directed inward. This ensures the greatest possible contact of the hydrophobic parts of the molecules with water.
51
Find the wrong answer among the answers. Thanks to these proteins, specific functions of membranes, which are: a) permeability, b) active transfer through the membrane, c) generation of magnetic potential d) generation of electric potential
c) generation of magnetic potential
52
Find the wrong answer among the answers There are two types of transport of substances across the membrane: passive transport and active transport. a) The passive transport is diffusion of molecules and ions in the direction of their lower concentration, motion of ions in accordance with the direction of the force acting on them on the part of electric field. b) Passive transfer is not associated with expenditure of chemical energy, it occurs due to particles moving towards a lower electrochemical potential. c) Transfer is called active transport, when it occurs at the expense of energy and is not diffusion. Membrane systems contributing to formation of ion gradients K+ and Na+, are called sodium-potassium pumps or simply sodium pumps. d) there is no wrong answer
d) there is no wrong answer
53
Living tissues are a source of electrical potentials (biopotentials). What is the electrography? a) electrography is recording of biopotentials of tissues and organs for diagnostic (research) purpose b) electrography is registration of biopotentials occurring in the heart muscle upon its excitation; c) electrography is a method of registering muscular bioelectric activity; d) electrography is a method of registering of cerebral bioelectric activity, etc.
a) electrography is recording of biopotentials of tissues and organs for diagnostic (research) purpose
54
Living tissues are a source of electrical potentials (biopotentials). What is the electrocardiography (ECG)? a)electrocardiography is recording of biopotentials of tissues and organs for diagnostic (research) purpose b) electrocardiography is registration of biopotentials occurring in the heart muscle upon its excitation; c) electrocardiography is a method of registering muscular bioelectric activity; d) electrocardiography is a method of registering of cerebral bioelectric activity, etc.
b) electrocardiography is registration of biopotentials occurring in the heart muscle upon its excitation;
55
Living tissues are a source of electrical potentials (biopotentials). What is the Electromyography? a) Electromyography is recording of biopotentials of tissues and organs for diagnostic (research) purpose b) Electromyography is registration of biopotentials occurring in the heart muscle upon its excitation; c) Electromyography is a method of registering muscular bioelectric activity; d) Electromyography is a method of registering of cerebral bioelectric activity, etc.
c) Electromyography is a method of registering muscular bioelectric activity;
56
Living tissues are a source of electrical potentials (biopotentials). What is the Electroencephalography ( EEG)? a) Electroencephalography ( EEG) is recording of biopotentials of tissues and organs for diagnostic (research) purpose b) Electroencephalography ( EEG) is registration of biopotentials occurring in the heart muscle upon its excitation; c) Electroencephalography ( EEG) is a method of registering muscular bioelectric activity; d) Electroencephalography ( EEG) is a method of registering of cerebral bioelectric activity, etc.
d) Electroencephalography ( EEG) is a method of registering of cerebral bioelectric activity, etc.
57
Find the wrong answer among the answers a) Biological tissues and organs are rather heterogeneous objects with different electrical resistances, which can change under the effect of an electric current. b) Inside the body, a current spreads firstly along the blood and lymph vessels, muscles, sheaths of nerve trunks. c) The skin resistance, in turn, is determined by its state: thickness, age, moisture, etc. d) there is no wrong answer
d) there is no wrong answer
58
Find the wrong answer among the answers a) the electrical conductivity of tissues and organs depends on their functional state and, therefore, can be used as a diagnostic index. b) in inflammation, when cells swell, the cross-section of intercellular joints decreases and electrical resistance increases too; c) physiological phenomena that cause perspiration are accompanied by an increase in the electrical conductivity of skin, etc. d) there is no wrong answer
d) there is no wrong answer
59
Find the wrong answer among the answers a) There are no systems in the body similar to inductors, so its inductance is close to zero. b)Biological membranes and, therefore, the whole body have capacitive properties, in this connection, only ohmic and capacitive resistance determine the impedance of body tissues. c) Body tissues conduct not only direct current , but also alternating current. d) there is no wrong answer
d) there is no wrong answer
60
How do we see things? Find the wrong answer among the answers. a) When we look at an object, light is reflected from it into our eyes, which enables us to see. b) Light enters through the cornea, which acts like a window at the front of the eye. c) The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the pupil, which is surrounded by the iris – the coloured part of the eye. d) there is no wrong answer
d) there is no wrong answer
61
How do we see things? Find the wrong answer among the answers. a) The pupil changes size according to how much light is present b) it is smaller in bright light and becomes larger when there is less light. c) Pupil size does not change depending on light intensity d) The pupil works as camera aperture
c) Pupil size does not change depending on light intensity