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ABW > BIOL227Z: Animal Health and Welfare > Flashcards

BIOL227Z: Animal Health and Welfare Flashcards

1
Q

abiotic environmental factors

A

temperature
light
oxygen/air
humidity
nutrients

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2
Q

biotic environmental factors

A

predators
parasites
competitors
prey
mates
offspring

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3
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss, i.e., skin blood flow

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4
Q

consequences of heat

A

increased water loss
decreased food consumption

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5
Q

why is disease prevention in animals important?

A

animal welfare
zoonoses
sustainability
profitability
disruption to ecosystems

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6
Q

non cellular agents of infectious disease

A

prions and viruses

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7
Q

cellular agents of infectious disease

A

bacteria
fungi
protists
helminths
arthropods

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8
Q

key stages of an infection

A

source of infection
mode of transmission
host species and natural reservoirs

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9
Q

to cause disease a pathogen must;

A

gain entry
colonise and multiply
cause damage to host
complete the cycle

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10
Q

gaining entry

A

through puncture wounds
cornea of the eye
mucosal epithelia

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11
Q

main routes of transmission

A

respiratory
saliva
water/food
genital
faecal-oral route
vectors

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12
Q

transmission success

A

number of organisms shed
survival outside of host
infective dose
host susceptibility

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13
Q

effect of parasites depends on

A

parasite numbers
immune status of host

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14
Q

signs of disease

A
  • changed in feeding/drinking
  • changes in general behaviour
  • faeces
  • urine
  • vomiting
  • appearance of skin/coat
  • coughing
  • temperature
  • respiratory rate
  • pulse rates
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15
Q

foot and mouth disease

A
  • notifiable disease
  • effects bovids, sheep, goats, pigs, antelope, deer
  • outbreaks in 1967, 2001 and 2007
  • airborne spread
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16
Q

cattle foot and mouth disease symptoms

A
  • fever
  • lameness
  • sores/blisters on feet, mouth and tongue
  • respiration rate increase
  • shivering
  • slobbering/lip smaking
  • reduced milk yield
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17
Q

avian influenza symptoms chickens

A
  • drop in egg production
  • swollen heads
  • dullness
  • loss of appetite
  • death
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18
Q

avian influenza

A
  • notifiable disease
  • spread through faeces and contaminated objects
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19
Q

Zoonoses

A

disease that is transmissible between vertebrate animals and humans

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20
Q

notifiable zoonoses

A
  • anthrax
  • tuberculosis
  • avian flu
  • swine flu
  • rabies
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21
Q

multisystem zoonoses

A

vector transmits infection from animal to human

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22
Q

single system zoonoses

A

direct transmission from animal

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23
Q

Animals (Scientific Procedures Act) 1986

A

Vertebrates and cephalopodes
Research/Regulated procedures

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24
Q

Animal Welfare Act (2006)

A

applies to all vertebrates (pets, farms, zoo)
5 welfare needs
duty of care
licensing and registration requirements

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25
Q

Protection of Animals Act (1911)

A

Prevention of cruelty, pain or suffering to animals
largely superseded by the Animal Welfare act

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26
Q

EU: DIRECTIVE 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes

A

*3 Rs:replacement, reduction, refinement
*3 Licences:establishment, personal, project
*3 Accounts: Animal checks, Annual returns, Non-technical summaries

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27
Q

lab animals Housing standards

A

Holding rooms, procedure rooms Service rooms
Enclosure/Cage design: Enclosure, Floors, Roofs
Water, Food
Bedding
Enrichment
Quarantine
Biosecurity

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28
Q

lab animals Environmental standards

A

Temperature
Ventilation,
Lighting
Humidity
Noise
Odour

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29
Q

lab animals Care standards

A

Health
Enclosures
Enrichment
Feeding, Watering
Resting, Sleeping
Cleaning
Handling

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30
Q

lab animals Record keeping

A

-Individual records (groups for e.g. small fish)
-Daily records of food & water
-Daily checks of health and welfare
-Records of cleaning schedule

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31
Q

procedure records

A

-When animals were tested
-Pain & suffering: -lower or higher than expected
-humane endpoints: animals euthanized because of pain/suffering in a procedure
-Records of animals died for other/unknown causes

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32
Q

Routine husbandry tasks that could cause stress : ZOO ANIMALS

A

Hoof trimming/nail clipping
Separating an individual
weighing
Transport

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33
Q

What aspects of veterinary work cause animal stress

A

Giving medication
Giving food by feeding tubes
Blood sampling
Ultrasound examination
Fluid therapy
Prolonged isolation for treatment
Wound care
anaesthesia
quarantine

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34
Q

prevention of Disease

A

*Good waste disposal
* Pest and parasite control
* Vaccination
* Prophylactic treatment
* Biosecurity

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35
Q

detection of Disease

A
  • Observation of clinical signs
  • Body condition scores and weight
  • Blood for haematology, biochemistry, serology and PCR testing
  • Imaging
  • Faecal samples to look for parasites and
    bacteria.
  • Samples of tissues for histology, cytology, culture, electron microscopy, genetic material
  • Blood samples for antibodies, antigens, genetic material
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36
Q

Fear

A

negative emotional state triggered by the perception of an actual danger (specific stimulus)

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37
Q

Anxiety

A

Longer-lasting negative emotional state induced by the perception of a potential danger (no specific triggering stimulus)

38
Q

reasons to limit fear responses

A

Ethical reasons
Can confound research results
Reduced attractiveness
Increased dangerousness

39
Q

Fear-inducing stimuli / situations

A

General characteristics of the event
Specific stimuli in relation to evolutionary history
Conditioned fear

40
Q

How to reduce fear?

A

Make the environment less scary
Make the animal less easily scared

41
Q

internal drives to perform behaviours

A

Instinctive, intrinsic propensity to perform the behaviour whatever the environment is like
e.g. hiding in prey species even in safe environments

42
Q

Externally driven behaviours

A

Induced by the animal’s external circumstances
e.g. hiding because of external stimuli perceived as threatening

43
Q

How to identify behaviours animals are motivated to perform?

A

Experimentally induce frustration and observe behavioural changes
Assess animals’ preferences

44
Q

Stereotypic behaviours

A

‘Repetitive behaviour induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope and/or C.N.S. (brain) dysfunction’
e.g. bar-chewing

45
Q

How to reduce frustration?

A

Environmental enrichment

46
Q

Anterior

A

toward the head

47
Q

Posterior

A

toward the tail

48
Q

Cranial

A

head region

49
Q

Caudal

A

tail region

50
Q

Dorsal

A

back (top) region

51
Q

Ventral

A

“belly” (underside) of the body

52
Q

Medial

A

toward the median line

53
Q

Distal

A

away from the centre of origin

54
Q

Proximal

A

toward the centre of origin

55
Q

Aquaculture

A

The production of aquatic animals (and plants) under controlled conditions

56
Q

Polyculture

A

complex recreation of ecosystems

57
Q

Polyculture

A

complex recreation of ecosystems

58
Q

Signs of distress, pain, suffering (fish)

A

respiratory frequency increase
speed and direction swimming changes
excessive activity
different body positions
attempt to escape or immobility
loss of appetite and slow growth
body condition loss
lesions
fin erosion

59
Q

How to minimise stress

A
  • Ensure appropriate stocking densities
  • Ensure good quality water
  • Disease preventions/treatment
  • Enrichment
  • Minimise noise
  • Minimise handling and other interactions
  • Modify rearing water salinity
  • Best practice
  • Humane slaughter
60
Q

The Brambell Report (1965)

A

freedom “to stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs.”

61
Q

The Five Freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1979)

A
  • Freedom from hunger or thirst
  • Freedom from discomfort
  • Freedom from pain, injury or disease
  • Freedom to express normal behaviour
  • Freedom from fear and distress
62
Q

causes of stress in fish

A

pH
Noise
Transportation
Chemical difference in tank to what they’re used to

63
Q

active defence (response to fear)

A

get aggressive, fight back

64
Q

active avoidance

A

getting away from what’s causing fear
hiding

65
Q

positive avoidance

A

freezing response, common in rodents

66
Q

cycranids

A

most don’t have a stomach

67
Q

marine fish

A
  • constantly losing water to the environment
  • drink a lot
  • adaptation allowing water to go past stomach to prevent neutralising pH of stomach acid
68
Q

pepsin

A

digestive enzyme in stomach

69
Q

oxynticopeptic cells

A

secrete HCL and pepsin in fish

70
Q

intestinal bulb

A

holds food before digestion in fish

71
Q

mucosal folds (fish)

A
  • increase surface area of the intestine
  • one cell thickness
  • blood vessels and nutrient absorbers
72
Q

biolsalts (fish)

A
  • from gallbladder
  • emulsify fats in the intestine
73
Q

artificial diet

A

created to meet nutritional needs of specific species

74
Q

SGR

A

specified growth rate

75
Q

protein in fish

A
  • amino acid content matters more
  • don’t want proteins to be used as energy as they are an expensive resource
76
Q

catfish protein levels

A

28-44%

77
Q

carp protein levels

A

28-45%

78
Q

tilapia protein levels

A

26-40%

79
Q

salmon protein levels

A

40-48%

80
Q

european seabass protein levels

A

45-50%

81
Q

essential fatty acids needed for; (fish)

A

brain function
immunology
- don’t have ability to produce omega 3 so must eat it

82
Q

descartes

A

-16th century
-thought animals were like machines
-ideas on animals having feelings wasn’t considered

83
Q

Kant

A

-18th century
-how people treat animals reflects their true nature
-relating animals feelings to ours
-bear baiting was banned in same time period

84
Q

Bentham

A

-18th century
-started to think about shared experience of suffering

85
Q

RSPCA

A

-formed in 1824
-a lot of things had been happening to animals in victorian era
-things banned included in cruelty to animals act

86
Q

Ruth Harrison

A

-1964
-discussed intensive farming and if it was right to expose animals to these conditions

87
Q

Utilitarianism

A
  • All with similar interests are equal
  • decision made would be based on which presented the greatest good
  • considered animals as equals to humans
88
Q

Utilitarianism decision cube

A

-3 different axis
-likelihood of benefit
-how confident you are that research will be successful or beneficial
-if research is really important, theory will allow for moderate suffering

89
Q

animal rights view

A

-moral rights
-in philosophy having a right is respected
- animal needs to have certain things
- animal has awareness of their individual welfare, subject of a life
-if animal has subject of a life, their life has value and therefore they must be protected

90
Q

different ‘fives’

A

-freedoms: 1979
-needs: 2006
-freedoms: 2015
-domains

91
Q

five domains

A
  • dynamic approach
  • mental component throughout
  • considers negative and positive effects of each domain

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