Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ABW > BIOL313Z revision > Flashcards

BIOL313Z revision Flashcards

1
Q

1) Functioning

A

In biological sense, healthy, uninjured, growing and ageing well
-is a healthy animal always happy?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2) Emotions

A

Minimise suffering, maximise positive experiences
-can you measure emotional experience?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3) Telos (being itself)

A

promote natural behaviour. Adaptive expenditure is acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4) Coping

A

Use markers e.g. hormones to decide whether animals are coping well/poorly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Person

A

has a biographical sense of self and can construct a narrative about it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Near person

A

evidence they may consciously remember past/anticipate future; but no language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

utilitarianism morality

A

ethical decisions should bring about the greatest ‘good’ , taking into account all affected (i.e. all sentient individuals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

utilitarianism

A

-Applies to any sentient being, one who can experience/feel suffering
-All are equal when considering similar interests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

challenges in implementing utilitarianism

A

-difference between suffering and reacting to stimuli
-idea that one individual is replaceable by another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Principles of replacement and neutral killing

A
  1. Good life (negative v positive experiences)
  2. Instantaneous, painless death
  3. Not harming others (socially, emotionally)
  4. Not a ‘person’ or ‘near person’
  • do not kill mother of young animal or vice versa
    -batch killing
    -humane killing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

contractarianism

A

-idea of social contracting - make an agreement as a society about certain practices
-morality: set of rules to govern the interactions of rationale agents, who self-interestedly contract to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

animal rights

A

-giving all animals the benefit of the doubt, don’t have to prove suffering
-morality= experiencing subjects of life have inherent value; killing=deprivation
-inherent value cannot be traded off (deontological as opposed to consequential)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

egalitarianism

A

everyone is equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

prioritarianism

A

prioritise those that have less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

animal rights: challenges of implementation

A

-debate over rights in companion animals
-limits scope for egalitarianism/prioritarianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Brambell report

A

1) freedom from hunger/thirst
2)freedom from discomfort
3) Freedom from pain, injury and disease
4) Freedom to express normal behaviour
5) Freedom from fear and distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Respect for Nature §

A

-“Biocentric egalitarianism”
-not only wrong to cut down forest because sentiment beings live in it, but also because the forest itself exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Relational

A

things you do for your own animal but not for someone else’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ill treatment of cattle

A

-Treated more as a joke at the time
-Lead to the foundation of the RSPCA
-Ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep ,other cattle
- didn’t include bulls because of bull baiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Animal Welfare Act 2006

A

-combines over 20 pieces of legislation
-Introduce new welfare offence:
-not sufficiently looking after animals rather
than just injuring them
-Applied alongside ASPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intergovernmental agreements

A

-Treaties, conventions
-Countries sign up or not
-Can be bilateral or multilateral
-Must enshrine the convention in National legislation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CITES

A

-Convention on international trade in endangered species
-aim: to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants don’t threaten their survival
-Enshrined in Control of Endangered Species Regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

EC Zoos Directive 1999

A
  • Specifies regimes for licensing, inspection, record keeping and animal care
    -Requires zoos to participate in conservation and education
  • Show benefit of keeping the animals
    -Zoo licensing Act 1981 pre-dates directive
    -Licensing authority: district council, zoo inspectors appointed by DEFRA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Regulation

A

-Stipulates what must be done
-No national interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Council Regulation 1/2005/EC on the protection of animals during transport

A

-specifies
-specis to which it applies
-competencies of drivers
-distances and journey times
-who is in charge of loading
-absolute rules: no flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

statute law definition

A

Act of Parliament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

statute law: how it occurs

A

-Told to the lords
-Meeting where it is discussed
-Committee stage: expert opinion, stakeholder consultation
-Report stage (3rd meeting) - amendments, vote
-if supported, goes to commons
-Second reading where its amended
-Royal ascent bill- act of parliament (law)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Statute law example UK

A

-Animal Welfare Act 2006
-Animal Welfare (Sentience Bill) 2022
-make provision for animal sentience
committee with functions relating to effect of
GOV policy on welfare of animals as sentient
beings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Key UK legislation

A

-1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
-Zoo licensing Act 1981 (Amendment)(England and Wales) Regulations 2002
-Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995 (as amended)
-Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966
-Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
-Animal health act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Limitations and Private alternatives

A

Standards to maintain a certain animal welfare level need to be effective, enforceable and economically feasible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

stress

A

Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that alters physiological function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stress response

A

The compensatory physiological mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Alternatives to blood sampling

A

-Heart rate
-Ventilation rate
-Body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stress-induced hyperthermia

A

Rapid, hormonally mediated cutaneous vasoconstriction and thermogenesis in response to stress, leading to an increase in core body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Nociception

A

detection of a noxious stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Peripheral mechanisms

A

The noxious stimulation of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Central mechanisms

A

Unconscious nociceptive processing by the spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Somatic

A

Skin, bone, muscles, tendons and other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Visceral

A

The internal organs, e.g. the heart, lungs, alimentary canal and other reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Neurogenic

A

Nerves, the spinal cord and brain because of abnormal processing of nervous activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Acute

A

Immediately follows injury and disappears when the injury heals. Usually associated with quantifiable changes providing the body with protection from damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Acute recurrence

A

Prolonged pain, such as cancer pain, has a definable cause and consists of repeated attacks of acute pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Chronic

A

Prolonged, however, little agreement as to when recurring bouts of acute pain become chronic pain or how long pain lasts before being chronic. Quantifiable changes to the functioning of defensive body processes may not be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Chronic inflammatory pain

A

Occurs when healing persist beyond the expected time, due to infection or other inflammatory processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Chronic neuropathic pain

A

may not have a well-defined onset and may not respond to treatments that are effective against acute or chronic inflammatory pain. It is sometimes defined as “intractable pain”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Non-noxious stimulus

A

-makes animal aware of the state of its body
-Stimulation travels along Aß nerve fibres
-Rarely produces pain unless sensitised by inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Noxious stimulation

A

-Makes animal aware of stimuli that could do harm
-detected by Nociceptors free nerve ending of thin;
-Myelinated Aδ
-Unmyelinated C fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Peripheral detection: Two types of nociceptors

A

-High-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTM)
->mechanical deformation
-Polymodal nociceptors (PMN)
->inflammatory mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Sentience

A

The capacity to experience feelings and emotions
-both positive and negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

cognition

A

The process by which animals perceive, process and store information. An animals cognitive capacity has no bearing on their ability to suffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Physiological responses

A

-Primarily mediated by autonomic system and hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis in mammals
-> Heart rate, vagal tone, blood pressure, respiration rate, sweating, neuroendocrine responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Physiological responses in other vertebrates

A

-beak trimming and feather removal -> increased plasma corticosterone and heart rate
-Suncutaneous noxious chemical -> increased opercular beat rate and plasma corticol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Physiological responses in invertebrates

A

Higher brain serotonin and blood glucose levels in crayfish exposed to aversive [putatively painful] electrical fields, together with long term motivational changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Movement away from noxious stimuli

A

-does not demonstrate pain as can be nociceptive reflex response
-e.g. high temperatures-> foot withdrawal in many species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Attentional shift

A

in humans, distraction can reduce amount of pain suffered
-Pain processing in the CNS requires application of conscious central attentional control
-Same has been shown in chickens, consistent with ability to focus awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The importance of triangulation

A

-No definite evidence of pain when criteria taken in isolation
-BUT together can show a level of behavioural complexity that would require some form of experience i.e, sentience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Four categories of behaviour

A

1) Normal
2) Natural
3) Unnatural
4) Abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Stereotypy

A

“repetetive, unvarying and apparently functionless Behaviour”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

stricter stereotypy definition

A

“repetetive behaviour induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope and/or CNS (Brain) dysfunction”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Stereotypy birds

A

-Perch hopping
-Route tracing
-Self injury
-Feather plucking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Stereotypy giraffes/other ruminants

A

-object licking
-tongue rolling
-pacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

stereotypy primates

A

-rocking
-head toss
-swaying
-spinning
-self manipulation
-hair plucking
-regurgitation and reingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Stereotypy elephants

A

-swaying
-weaving
-head-bobbing
-trunk swinging
-foot lifting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

stereotypy carnivores

A

-Pacing
-weaving
circling
-head toss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

stereotypy reptiles/amphibians/fish

A

-stereotypic swimming
-surface breaking
-absence of normal behaviour
-decreased activity levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

polar bears pacing

A

-more enrichment = less pacing
-more bears in exhibit = less pacing
-view out of enclosure = less pacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

stereotypy causes: frustration

A

“internal staes induced by the captive environment and/or cues external to the animal, persistently trigger or motivate a specific behavioural response”

68
Q

stereotypy cause: malfunction

A

-Sustained stress
-CNS dysfunction
-Persevation, stuck-in-set
-Early environmental conditions
-isolation or hand rearing
-CNS dysfunction - cognitive deficits

69
Q

Motivation

A

-what compels an animal to do what it does?
-affected by internal and external drivers
-“the process within the brain controlling which behaviours and physiological changes occur and when”
-motivations can be positive or negative

70
Q

Motivated behaviours

A

-Animals are highly motivated to perform certain behaviours
-Restriction of motivated behaviours can lead to frustration
-so called ‘ecological’ or ‘behavioural’ needs
-animals can suffer due to ‘thwarting of specific behavioural patterns’ (Dawkins)

71
Q

how to test what an animal wants/needs

A

-observe preferences in the wild
-monitor behaviours when animals are deprived of resources
-approach and avoidance tests
-preference tests/choice tests
-motivation tests

72
Q

choice tests

A

-give animals the choice between different resources or environments
-idea that animals make choices in their own best interest, so knowing these choices can help us provide resources that are beneficial for welfare

73
Q

operant tests

A

-animal trained to perform an operant response to obtain a resource
-if an animal is willing to perform an operant response for the resource, it must be motivated to achieve that resource
-greater number of responses, stronger the motivation

74
Q

motivation tests

A

-choice and deprivation tests don’t tell us about the strength of the motivation for something
-test motivation by assessing how much ‘work’ an animal will put in to obtain a resource
-E.g. laboratory rabbits will push weighted doors to access resources

75
Q

motivation tests with a baseline comparison

A

-can compare responses in a motivation test with responses to a resource of known value e.g.food
-silver foxes trained to pull a loop to open a door
-certain number of pulls required to gain
access
-compare max price paid to enter chamber
with other fox or with food
-highly motivated for food (mean:1632 pulls)

76
Q

behavioural engineering

A

-restore contingency between appetitive behaviour and consummatory behaviour
-artifical means are necessary to provide stimulation
-the devices may be very ‘unnatural’ as long as they fullfill a function: ‘behavioural need’

77
Q

types of enrichment

A
  1. social
  2. occupational
  3. physical
  4. sensory
  5. nutritional
78
Q

social enrichment

A
  • contact : own species and other species
    -Non-contact: visual, auditory and human, non-human
79
Q

physical enrichment

A

-enclosure : size and complexity
-accessories : internal. external, permanent, temporary

80
Q

sensory enrichment

A

-visual: mirror, view, complexity
-auditory: habitat, con-specific, artificial
-other: smell, taste, touch

81
Q

occupational enrichment

A

-psychological: puzzles, etc
-exercise: runs, devices

82
Q

nutritional enrichment

A

-delivery: frequency, presentation
-type: novel, variety, treats

83
Q

problems with enrichment

A

-Cost, time, effort
-Physical and disease risks
-variability bad for experiments
difficulty in maintaining novelty
-not always good evidence that it works
-little functional relevance to animals
-used as ‘sticking plaster’
-can be harmful

84
Q

S.P.I.D.E.R

A
  1. Setting goals
  2. Planning
  3. Implementing
  4. Documenting
  5. Evaluating
  6. Re-adjusting
85
Q

welfare markers of happiness

A

-play behaviour
-affiliative behaviour (allo-grooming)
-self-grooming
-social licking
-voclaistations
-exploration/inquisitiveness
-synchronisation of behaviour with others

86
Q

challenges of using welfare markers of happiness

A

-infrequent behaviours
-behaviours shown by some individuals e.g. play in young animal
-less clearly understood/mixed effects

87
Q

anticipatory behaviour

A

-may be a positive indicator of welfare
-anticipatory behaviour is an indicator if an animals sensitivity to reward and as such it is a real time indicator of an animals own perceptions of their well-being

88
Q

emotion

A

subjective component
+
behavioural component
+
physiological component
+
cognitive component

89
Q

what is the function of emotions

A

-arise in biologically important situations i.e. that
->influence survival
->influence reproductive success
-emotions might provide a ‘common currency’ to guide behavioural decisions to achieve survival goals

90
Q

emotions

A

= short lived, occur in response to specific stimuli

91
Q

mood

A

= long lasting, results from accumulation of short-term emotions

92
Q

attention bias

A

attention allocation preferably towards certain information than other

93
Q

Affect-driven decision bias in non-human animals
Phase 1 : training

A

-Rats
-2kHz: press a lever
-allows positive event to happen
(delivery of a 45-mg food pellet
-4kHz: Refrain from pressing the lever
-Prevents negative event to happend
(30s of 70dB white noise)

94
Q

Phase 2: affective state manipulation

A

-Unpredictable housing (chronic mild stress)
-Rats in a comparatively more negative
affective state display cognitive ‘pessimism”
-OR predictable housing

95
Q

Affect driven decision bias in non-human animals

A

-Robust results overall BUT variations between studies (methodological variations in cues, tasks, measures)
-BUT limitations
-Feasibility e.g. time and labour
-Trainability of animals e.g. stereotypic
behaviour reduces learning
-Response other than affect influence results
e.g. personality affects JBT in dogs

96
Q

Advantages of assessing attention bias in animals

A

-Based on innate behaviour
->advantage of little training
->test on more animals in shorter period of time
-Understanding attentional processes valuable as important role in other cognitive functions

97
Q

attention bias to social information in macaques

A

-Macaques show attention bias to negative social information (threat face)
->in normal (positive) condition AB to threat face
->After stressful (veterinary) treatment AB away from threat face
->Attention is modulated by emotional state

98
Q

Companion animals: species involved

A

-species from several phyla (chordata, arthropoda, Mollusca)
-more than 1200 species of fish are imported into the UK annually
-One aviculturalist has bred in captivity 122 of the c350 species of psittacine birds
-9families of reptiles are kept as companion animals in the UK

99
Q

History of animal protection laws

A

-Act to prevent cruel & improper treatment of cattle 1822
-The protection of animals act 1911-2000; covers any domestic or captive animal- and farm animals
-pet animals act 1951- protects welfare of animal sold as pets: licences pet shops
-abandonment of animals act 1960
-animal boarding establishments act 1963- licensing
-breeding of dogs act 1973, 1991, 1999

100
Q

action plan for animal welfare 2021

A

-sentience and enforcement
-international trade and advocacy
-farm animals
-pets and sporting animals
-wild animals

101
Q

1.Animals to which the act applies

A

-vertebrate (but can be amended easily)
-animal must be capable of suffering-sentience

102
Q

2.protected animal

A

-domesticated
-under control of man
-not wild

103
Q

3.responsibility for animals

A

-person caring for animal permanent or temporary
-no one under 16 can be responsible for animal

104
Q

prevention of harm

A
  1. unnecessary suffering
  2. mutilation
  3. docking of dogs tails
    -a vet can dock the tail of a certified working
    dog <5 days old
  4. administration of poisons etc
  5. fighting etc
105
Q
  1. duty of person responsible for animal to ensure welfare
A

-suitable environment diet etc
-exhibit normal behaviour
-protected from pain suffering etc
-housed with or apart from other animals

106
Q
  1. transfer of animals by way of sale or prize to persons under 16
A

-cannot sell animals to anyone under 16 or allow them to win one- goldfish prize

107
Q
  1. regulations to promote welfare
A

power of authorities to make regulations

108
Q

Exotic pet

A

wild animal kept in captivity in a domestic setting for purpose of interest, entertainment or companionship

109
Q

problem - exotic pets

A

-how are they kept- veterinary support, nutrition, housing etc
-are they traded in a manner consistent with their welfare- transport, capture
-endangered- are they captive bred, wild caught
-set free- invasive species

110
Q

fish

A

-majority of marine fish in the uk taken from wild
-tropical freshwater fish farmed in Singapore, Thailand

111
Q

reptiles

A

-1.7 million reptiles CITES protected imported into the EU
-Transport standards have improved
-collected from wild in many cases

112
Q

Birds

A

-exporting countries include, Guyana, Indonesia, Ghana, Nigeria
-Some captive bred birds also imported from abroad

113
Q

selective breeding: species involved

A

-Birds: pigeons, budgies, canaries, finches
-Dogs: many breeds- selection for size, shape, colour
-Horses: ‘Arab’ breed
-Rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs: many breeds- selection for size, shape, colour

114
Q

The ‘Arab’ breed

A

all thoroughbreds can be traced back in the male line to one of three imported founding stallions, the Godolphin Arabian, the Byerly Turk and the Darley Arabian

115
Q

Cavalier King Charles spaniel

A

-modern breed descended from about six animals
-hereditary mismatch of brain and skull design, resulting in inadequate skull capacity
-associated with chronic, sever neck pain

116
Q

Brachyphely

A

-mainly cats and dogs, becoming common in a range of other species (rabbits etc)
-airway narrow or partially blocked
-windpipe often deformed or narrow
-cannot cool by panting so easily
nostrils may be blocked
-leads to heart problems
-tooth problems
-eye and skin problems
-problems giving birth

117
Q

Scottish fold cats

A

-Osteochondrodysplasia developmental abnormality that affects cartilage throughout the body
-Abnormal ear shape in Scottish fold cats
-affects limb bones, causing severe distortion of limb bone shape and arthritis
-as young as 7 weeks, persists throughout life
-cause crippling lameness and serious chronic pain
-no cure
-cessation of breeding from folded ear cats would eliminate problem

118
Q

non-conformational disorders

A

due to inbreeding, small populations

119
Q

conformational disorders

A

due to shape, morphology that is specifically bred for

120
Q

obesity

A

-77% of vets believe the prevalence of obesity has increased
-50% of dogs are overweight or obese
-43% of cats are overweight or obese
-31% of small mammals are overweight or obese
-9% of pet birds are overweight or obese

121
Q

Wildlife and countryside act 1981

A

-wild birds, nests and eggs protected
-licenses issued by natural England so landowners or ‘authorised person’ can take action against certain species for a specific reason
-injured bird can be treated if released afterward
-an offence to intentionally disturb certain birds when nesting
-endangered species such as red squirell protected
-some methods to kill are prohibited: self-locking snares
-offence to release non-native animals

122
Q

CITES

A

-convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
-global treaty to regulate worldwide trade in endangered and threatened wildlife
-can’t trade in most endangered species for commercial reasons
-closely control trade of species that could become threatened
-member countries can request species to be included in trade regulations

123
Q

wild animal welfare : main problems

A

-human-wildlife conflict (including lethal and non-lethal approaches to control)
-wildlife management (reintroduction, translocation, culling, rehabilitation)
-hunting- methods and disturbance
-wildlife trade (including for use as pets)
-disturbance through habitat degradation, enrichment, tourism and destruction
-incidental accidents and disease

124
Q

how can we assess welfare?

A

-behaviour
-physiology
-disease
-population statistics

125
Q

breeding success

A

*Monitor population, brood/litter, surviving offspring
*Look at nest/litter abandonment (indirect measure)
–Could be invasive (which would add to
disturbance), will depend on species
–May only show effect when problem
advanced
–Issues with wintering grounds for
migratory species

126
Q

Mate choice

A

*Can they choose (e.g. cichlids)
*Measure development of signals (e.g. colouration)
*Measure transmission of signals (e.g. great tits)
–Complex to study, experiments
needed
–Hard to compare populations/
species
–Long term effect unclear

127
Q

Avoidance

A

*Numbers of individuals in different areas
*Flight distance
*Vigilance rates
–Availability of alternative areas (different
social systems, food type)
–Time of year effects unclear
–Type of disturbance may be important

128
Q

Foraging success

A

*Prey caught
*Body weight
*Feeding rate of young
*Energy content of food
–Rate may increase if food poor
–Intensive/difficult to measure

129
Q

Stress response

A

*Production of stress hormones
*Heart rate
*Body condition
*Parasite load/disease
*Thermal imaging
*Infanticide
–Technology and expense
–Species comparisons difficult
–Issue of where level should be seen as detrimental

130
Q

Disturbance: main issues

A
  • Human developments
  • recreational activity/tourism
  • invasive species/disease
131
Q

Light polution :sea turtles

A

*6 of 7 sea turtle species endangered
–Hatchlings locate ocean using moon on sea
–Get distracted by artificial lights on shore
–Go in wrong direction!

-Research on sensory biology of turtles showed that they are less attracted to yellow/red light
-Replace lights near beaches with ‘bug’ lights
-You can buy turtle friendly lighting

132
Q

Reproductive success: Adelie penguins

A

-Nest checking: visited every second day for 15 min
-Disturbance: one person m from the perimeter of the colony while a 2nd person moved 3 times per day
-measure heart rate during disturbance using egg dummy

133
Q

Foraging success: Brown (Grizzly) bears

A

*Increase in bear watching tours
*Bears may perceive humans as a risk and
respond with typical anti-predator behaviour, such as vigilance or displacement
–Overall females compensated for changes and showed no reduced food intake
–Males however did show reduced foraging (they are larger than ♀)

134
Q

Tourism: Sea Otters Monterey Bay

A

-Area with lots of kayakers & tour boats
-People come to see otters
-Otters only just recovering population
-What effect does the disturbance have upon the -otters

135
Q

otters: what disturbs most?

A

-Direct approach by kayak
-Noise on the boat
-Coming too close
-Large tour boats which are noisy stay far away
-Kayaks main problem

136
Q

otters: tourism solution

A

-Get local kayak operators on board
-Provide laminated sheet on front of kayak
-Education before kayakers set off

137
Q

CTA/Aversive Conditioning: non-lethal

A

-training
*tiger predation upon humans
mannequin and electric shock
*coyotes upon lambs
*raccoon on chickens, foxes on
chickens etc
*egg predation in rats, magpies,
carrion crows
*reducing feeding damage in badgers

138
Q

Red deer

A

-Hormonal measurements, blood chemistry, comparison with other exertions
-Extensively hunted deer did not differ from severely injured deer in measures of muscle disruption
-In hunted deer measures of red blood cell damage and psychological stress were higher
-Welfare costs associated with hunting higher than stalking

139
Q

Chytrid fungus in amphibians: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

A

-Resistant species e.g. bullfrog, clawed frog are a major concern because they are carriers ofBd
-Global trade in amphibians for food, for use as laboratory animals, or for use as pets or display animals is responsible for movement ofBdto locations where it was not previously present

140
Q

how many animals were used in research in UK 2022

A

2.7 million procedures

141
Q

what research do animals benefit

A

-biomedical research
-advances in science
-veterinary research
-animal welfare research
-environmental research

142
Q

Basic research

A

procedures designed to study structure, functioning and behaviour of living organisms. these include studies of toxicology

143
Q

regulatory research

A

procedures carried out to satisfy legal requirements in producing substances, materials, chemicals, including the testing of their safety and other types of testing

144
Q

transpirational/applied research

A

procedures designed to address human and animal disease include experiments to develop drugs and treatments

145
Q

ethics: utilitarian approach

A

all are equal but greatest good should prevail

146
Q

Batesons cube: high suffering

A

-always unacceptable
-regardless of importance of research and likelihood of benefit

147
Q

Batesons cube: moderate suffering

A

-unacceptable except
-if importance of research and likelihood of benefit are both high

148
Q

Batesons cube: low suffering

A

-acceptable
-if importance of research and/or likelihood of benefit are high

149
Q

protected animal

A

Any living vertebrate, other than human, and any living cephalopod

150
Q

When is an animal protected?

A

❖Embryonic and foetal forms of mammals, birds & reptiles: once they have reached the last third of their gestation or incubation period
❖Larval forms of fish and amphibians: once they are capable of feeding independently
❖Cephalopods: from the point when they hatch

151
Q

What is a regulated procedure?

A

-carried out on a protected animal for a scientific or educational purpose
-may cause animal a level of pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm, equivalent to or higher than that caused by inserting a hypodermic needle according to good veterinary practice

152
Q

What is not a regulated procedure?

A

-Non-experimental clinical veterinary practices
* Particularly when intervention offers
direct benefit to the animal (see Royal College
of Veterinary Surgeons for more information).
-Veterinary clinical trials
* E.g. withholding treatment
-Non-experimental agricultural practice
* E.g normal husbandry changes
Identifying animals
* E.g. ringing, tagging, microchipping
Humane killing for a scientific purpose

153
Q

Local ethical review committees (LERC)

A
  • A local ethical review is performed for projects that may use animals for work that is not defined as procedural or uses animals indirectly e.g. video
  • consists of peer review undertaken by the committee Chair with help and advice from a relevant academic, Biological services unit manager and/or a welfare officer.
154
Q

Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986

A

❖ Protected animals [‘Any living vertebrate, other than man, and any living cephalopod’] from unjustified harm
❖ Protection of researchers performing approved experimentation from prosecution under other animal welfare legislation

155
Q

A(SP)A licenses required

A
  • The person
  • The project
  • The place
  • All licences are granted by the Secretary of State after relevant training and the submission of relevant documentation
156
Q

The Place: ‘Establishment Licence’ (PEL):

A
  • Provide leadership
  • Ensure compliance
  • Ensure staffing
  • Set up an Animal Welfare and Ethical Review
    Body
  • Make sure the named persons in place and
    trained
  • Ensuring animals care and accommodation
  • Countersigning project licence applications
  • Record keeping (including historic)
  • Identification of animals
157
Q

The Place: Named Persons specified by the PEL

A
  • NACWO (Named Animal Care and Welfare officer): overseeing the welfare and care of the animal
  • NIO (Named Information Officer): Ensuring that those dealing with the animals have access to the information they need.
  • NTCO (Named Training and Competency Officer): Ensuring those dealing with the animals are adequately educated trained and supervised.
  • NVS (Named Veterinary Surgeon): Trained vet with specialty in laboratory animal medicine to advise on animal health and welfare
158
Q

The Project: ‘Project Licence’ (PPL)

A

‘ A licence granted by the Secretary of State specifying a programme or work and authorising the application, as part of that program, of specified regulated procedures to animals of specified description at a specified place’

159
Q

The Project application must:

A
  • Specify the programme of work
  • Specify the:
    * Regulated procedures
    * The animals
    * The place or places
  • Include other information as the Secretary of State reasonably requires
  • Include information on the matters of Annex VI of the animals directive
160
Q

The Project Annex VI

A
  • Relevance and justification of:
    * Use of animals including their origin
    * Estimated numbers
    * Life stages
    * Procedures
  • Use of pain relief
  • Use of humane end-points
  • Experimental and statistical design; reduce numbers
  • Reuse of animals and cumulative suffering
  • Severity of procedures
161
Q

The Project Annex VI continued

A
  • Avoidance of unjustified duplication of procedures
  • Husbandry conditions
  • Euthanasia
162
Q

The Person: ‘Personal Licence’ (PIL)

A

Those carrying out a procedure must hold a ‘personal licence’, which authorises them to apply those procedures to specified animals, initially under supervision until the have demonstrated competence.

163
Q

Replacement

A

❖ Methods which avoid or replace the use of Animals
❖ Full replacement: Use of human volunteers, tissues and cells, mathematical and computer models, established cell lines.
❖ Partial replacement: Use of some animals that, based on current scientific thinking, are not considered capable of experiencing suffering: invertebrate and immature forms of vertebrates

164
Q

Reduction

A

❖ Methods which minimise the number of animals used per experiment
❖ Good experimental design:
❖ Unbiased (randomised, blinding)
❖ Sample size based on power
❖ Wide applicability via a factorial design
❖ Maximising the information gathered per animal in an experiment
❖ Sharing data and resources

165
Q

Refinement

A

❖ Methods which minimise suffering and improve animal welfare
❖ Choice of species: Is the species and strain chosen the most appropriate for the particular studies? Could the adverse effects be reduced by using a different strain or species, without compromising the science?

166
Q

Refinement: welfare

A

❖ Housing and husbandry:
❖ Procedures itself
- using appropriate anaesthesia and
analgesia to minimise pain,
- habituation,
- training animals to cooperate,
- use non-invasive measures if possible
❖ Humane endpoints and killing methods

167
Q

who takes responsibility to apply the 3Rs

A

❖ Establishment Licence Holder
-must ensure regulated activities carried out
consistent with 3Rs
-AWERB and named persons help ELH
❖ Project Licence Holder: will only be granted after a cost benefit analysis
❖ Personal Licence holder:
-act at all times in a manner that is consistent
with the principles of 3Rs

ABW (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions