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ABW > BIOL232Z: Comparative Zoology > Flashcards

BIOL232Z: Comparative Zoology Flashcards

1
Q

Bryozoa - Moss Animals

A

~6,000 described species
-sessile
-coelomate
-no circulatory system or excretory organs
-hermaphrodites or gonochorric
-live together, create colonies

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2
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

Have both male and female reproductive organs

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3
Q

Gonochorric

A

Either male or female

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4
Q

Brachiopoda - Lamp Shells

A

~400 living species
- sessile
-coelomate
-simple gut, open circulatory system and excretory system
-Gonochorric
-ventral and dorsal valves
-pedical

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5
Q

pedicle

A

attach and anchor individual to substrate

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6
Q

Annelida - Segmented worms

A

~2,000 living species
-Bilateral
-Metameric and segmented
-coelomate
-circular and longitude muscles
-hydroskeleton
-specialised digestive system, closed circulatory, ventral nervous cord

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7
Q

Hydroskeleton

A

A flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure

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8
Q

annelida movement

A

-longitudinal muscles contracted, segment shortens
-circular muscles contracted, segment stretches and elongates
-muscles along gut to aid in digestion

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9
Q

Annelida - reproduction, development and larvae

A

-asexually by budding out of centre or posterior of body
-planktotrophic trochophore larvae

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10
Q

Mollusca - snails, slugs, octopuses and cephalopods

A

~80,000-200,000 species
-typically bilateral
-coelomate
-complex gut, kidneys, heart, nervous system, open circulatory system
-mantle has shell glands that excrete calcareous shell
-“Brain” and two nerve cords
-gonochoric or hermaphroditic

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11
Q

Mollusca radula

A

-part of the mouth
-grating organ used to scrape surface for food

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12
Q

gastropod torsion

A

-all internal organs rotated
-no longer linear
-anus opens up just behind the head
-some organs that were on the right are now on the left

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13
Q

Arthropoda

A

> 80% of described animal species
-Bilateral, metameric
-Segmented legs
-Coelomates
-complex regionalised gut, open circulatory system, complex nervous system
-gonochoric
-Exoskeleton with sclerites
-growth by moulting

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14
Q

arthropoda - miriapoda

A

-many feet
-centipedes and millipedes
-differentiated by legs per segment

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15
Q

Arthropoda - Crustacea

A

-cephalothorax and abdomen
-carapace covering cephalothorax
-malacostracan tail fin

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16
Q

Arthropoda - Chelicerata

A

-prosoma and opistosome
-modified appendixes : chelicera and pedipalps
-8 legs

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17
Q

Arthropoda - Hexapoda

A

-head, thorax, abdomen
-antennae, anntenulae
-six legs, on second and third segments
-wings (not appendixes)

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18
Q

Echinoderma

A

~7,000 living species
-marine
-pentagonal symmetry
-coelomates, deutrostomes
-water vascular system
-calcareous endoskeleton
-gonochorric
-5 side symmetry

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19
Q

Chordata

A

~3,000 species (lancelets and tunicates)
-Marine
-bilateral
-coelomates, deutrostomes
-dorsal nerve chord, specialised gut , circulatory system with heart
-gonochorric or hermaphroditic

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20
Q

cephalochordates

A

-lancelets
-notochord

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21
Q

urochordates

A

-tunicates
-notochord doesn’t go into the head
-larvae looks like a tadpole

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22
Q

comparative digestive systems

A

-flatworm: incomplete digestion
-nematode: complete digestion

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23
Q

Spherical

A

Any plane passing
through the centre divides the organism into halves

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24
Q

Radial

A

Body parts are arranged radially around a central oral-aboral axis

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25
Q

Bilateral

A

A single plane, the mid-sagittal plane, divides the body into halves

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26
Q

Gastrulation

A

rearrangement of
blasters and formation of the
embryonic germ layers

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27
Q

germ layers

A

-ectoderm (“outside”),
-mesoderm (“in the middle”)
-endoderm (“inside”)

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28
Q

Protostomes

A

-(“mouth first”)
-mouth develops from the blastopore

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29
Q

Deuterostomes

A

-(“secondary mouth”)
blastopore gives origin to the anus, the mouth forms secondarily

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30
Q

Porifera - sponges

A

~9,000 species
-aquatic, sessile
-no gut, muscles or nerves
-no mucus layer
-can be dissociated (broken apart and then reform original shape)

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31
Q

Cnidaria - jellies, corals, anemones

A

~11,000 species
-aquatic
-swimming Medusozoa or sessile Anthozoa
-lack CNS, discrete organs for respiration, digestion, excretion
-Cnidocytes: specialized cells used for
capturing prey
-Hermaphroditic, gonochoristic

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32
Q

Platyhelminthes - flat worms

A

~100,000 species
-bilateral, not metameric
-acoelomate
-no skeleton
-incomplete digestive system, no circulatory or digestive organs
-fission/regeneration, gonochoric, hermaphrodites

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33
Q

Nematoda

A

~30,000 described species
* size: μm to m
* bilateral
* pseudo-coelomate
* hydro-skeleton + external collagen cuticle
* no circulatory system or respiratory organs
* only longitudinal muscles
* Complete digestive system

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34
Q

Nematoda reproduction

A
  • Rare asexual reproduction (parthenogenesis)
  • gonochoric
  • very few hermaphrodites
  • Moulting (“larval” stages)
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35
Q

Gnathifera (incl. Rotifera)

A
  • Seisonidea
  • Monogononta
  • Digononta (Bdelloidea)
  • Acanthocephala
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36
Q

Rotifera

A

-bilateral
-pseudo-coelomate
-hydro-skeleton +
intracellular lamina
-no circulatory or respiratory system

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37
Q

Gastrotricha

A

~30,000 described species
-bilateral
-A/pseudo-coelomate
-Freshwater and marine
-Complete digestive system
-Head with brain and sensory organs
-Ventral cilia used to move
-Hermaphrodites or parthenogenetic

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38
Q

Tardigrada

A

-bilateral, “metameric”
-hydro-skeleton +
chitinous external cuticle
-pseudo-coelomate
-no circulatory system or
respiratory organs
-moulting

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39
Q

Rotifera and Tardigrada - special characteristics

A

Dormancy
-Diapause, e.g. resting eggs
-Quiescence, e.g. cryptobiosis

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40
Q

Dorsal

A

balance/stabilization, sudden direction changes

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41
Q

Pectoral

A

paired fins, directional changes, aid swimming and directional changes

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42
Q

Pelvic

A

deceleration

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43
Q

Anal fin

A

stabilization

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44
Q

Heterocercal caudal fin

A

sharks, sturgeons, paddlefish

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45
Q

Homocercal caudal fin

A

nearly all bony fishes

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46
Q

Rounded (Caudal Fin)

A

effective acceleration/maneuvering, but high drag, not found in fish that swim long distance

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47
Q

Truncated (Caudal Fin)

A

straight edge, effective for rapid turning and short bursts of speed
* Emarginated – low drag, two lobes

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48
Q

Emarginated (Caudal Fin)

A

low drag, two lobes

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49
Q

Forked (Caudal Fin)

A

reduction in turbulence, 2 lobes

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50
Q

Lunate (Caudal Fin)

A

maintain high speed, efficient/low drag

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51
Q

Sagitiform body shape

A

elongated, tubular body layout, arrow‐shaped (ambush predators)

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52
Q

Depressiform body shape

A

wide, flat (bottom dwelling)

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53
Q

Compressiform body shape

A

laterally compressed, tall/thin body, allow for quick movement/turning (enter vertical crevices for refuge)

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54
Q

Fusiform body shape

A

streamlined, pointy ends (plane‐shaped), low frictional resistance for extremely fast movement

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55
Q

Anguilliform body shape

A

long, thin, snake‐like (permit navigation of narrow refuges and reduce drag)

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56
Q

Globiform body shape

A

round/globe‐shaped

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57
Q

Taeniform body shape

A

ribbon‐shaped (crevices & narrow refuges)

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58
Q

Agnatha

A

Jawless, comprises hagfish and lampreys

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59
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

-Sharks, rays (Subclass Elasmobranchii) and close relatives
-Jawed fish, cartilaginous skeleton, lack swim bladder
-Teeth on a conveyor belt
-Sense of smell ‐ 1/1,000,000, nostrils (solely) for olfaction

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60
Q

Lateral line

A

line of nerves (neuromasts) that sense ‘particle motion’ –
Physical movement of water, vibration, pressure gradients

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61
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

electro sense

62
Q

elasmobranchs reproductive strategy

A

-Produce fewer, more mature offspring (K – selection evolutionary strategies)
-Take a long time to reach sexual maturity
-Most fertilize eggs internally
-Some are ovoviviparous (egg’s hatch in mother’s body)

63
Q

special features of rays

A

-Anatomy adapted for life on seafloor or in midwater
-Pectoral fins evolved into ‘wings’, fused with head
-Many bones fused for greater rigidity
-Modified tail for defense (whips/barbs)
-Manta rays can exceed 8 meters laterally

64
Q

Osteichthyes

A

-Skeleton composed of bone
-More species than all other vertebrates combined (>23,000)
-Most control buoyancy by adding/releasing gas to/from swim bladder
-Homocercal tail
-Bony scales to protect body (typically ctenoid or cycloid)

65
Q

ray-finned fishes reproduction

A

-More diversity in reproductive biology than any other vertebrate taxa
-Tend to produce many more offspring, with less investment (r – selection evolutionary strategies)
-Most species are oviparous (eggs are laid with little or no embryonic development within mother)
-Most fertilize eggs externally

66
Q

mammalian/synapsid adaptations

A

-Upright posture (specialized vertebrae)
-Specialized teeth
-Ear bones
-Endothermy
-Lactation
-Locomotion and lung ventilation

67
Q

“Thermogenic opportunity” model

A

-Basal mammals were nocturnal
-Cold nights meant endothermy was essential to survive

68
Q

“Warmer is better” model

A

-Biochemical/physiological processes operate faster
-Increases competitiveness/strength/speed etc.

69
Q

“Aerobic scope” model

A

-More activity requires higher rates of metabolism -> evidence for selective pressure on increased locomotion in ancestral mammals
-Increase in metabolic rate must be accompanied by increase in resting rate, and hence internal heat production

70
Q

“Parental care” model

A

-Increases rate of embryonic development – less time until they are independent
-Increases viability of embryos

71
Q

Evolution of mammals – lactation

A

-Liquid diet allows jaw to grow
-Permanent teeth can then erupt in adult-
sized jaw
-Allows production of offspring to be separated from seasonal food supply (c.f. birds)
-Allows young to be small relative to parent

72
Q

Locomotion and ventilation

A

-Earlier amniotes: sprawling posture, short limbs
-Later synapsids – limbs under body, less bending of trunk

73
Q

modern mammals

A

 Prototheria
-Monotremes
 Theria
-Metatheria (marsupials)
- Eutheria (placentals)

74
Q

Monotremes

A

-Mono = one, trema = hole
-Cloaca for reproduction and excretion
-Lay eggs – presumably the ancestral mammalian condition
-Two families:
-Ornithorhynchidae
-Tachyglossidae

75
Q

monotremes characteristics

A

-Sprawling stance like earlier amniotes
-Lack teeth as adults
-Produce milk, but have no nipples
-No placenta

76
Q

Marsupials

A

-Have a (less extensive) placenta than eutherians
-Produce small live young that (in most species)
mature in a pouch
-Split between new world and Australian groups
-Plus extinct group that inhabited Asia

77
Q

Eutherian (placental mammals)

A

-Two major clades –
-Atlantogeneta
-Boreoeutheria
-Nourish young with a placenta
-Enormous diversity

78
Q

Abduction

A

a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body

79
Q

Adduction

A

a motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

80
Q

Locomotion – Skeletal changes

A

-Epipubic bones are present in monotremes and marsupials
-The position of the limbs in monotremes is more abducted than in therians
-In therians, the position of the limbs is more adducted

81
Q

kangaroo locomotion

A

a) Tail provides propulsion
b) Weight bearing is hind limbs
c) Power

82
Q

Locomotion – Flight

A

-Bats the only mammal that flies – the rest glide
-Over 1400 species
-Evolved about 65mya
-Short and broad wings in cluttered environment, long and narrow in the open
-Reduced mineralisation in bones

83
Q

Feeding – Teeth

A

-Herbivore teeth adapted for grinding
-Omnivore teeth need to grind and shear
-Canines may be used to stab prey in carnivores

84
Q

Carnivore adaptation, skull and teeth

A

-A large temporalis muscle is typical of carnivores, with a forceful bite
-Have enlarged canines and specialises molars

85
Q

reproduction

A

-marsupial young are altricial, only leave pouch when larger
-Primates, rodents, felids, canids are altricial
-Cetaceans, ungulates are precocial

86
Q

gymnophiona

A

213 species

87
Q

caudata

A

728 species

88
Q

anura

A

-7150 species
-external fertilisation
-radical metamorphosis
-aposematic
-secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins

89
Q

caecilians

A

-213 species
-35 genera
-10 families
-mostly fossorial, some aquatic

90
Q

fossorial

A

adapted for burrowing

91
Q

neoteny in salamanders

A

-retention of larval characteristics in mature adults
-advantageous in productive and stable habitats
-Selected for where low temperature constrains full metamorphosis

92
Q

reptiles

A

-27 crocodiles
-360 turtles
-1 tuatara
-11,302 squamates

93
Q

turtles

A

-Marine species can dive up to 500 m
-upland species can live with less than 10 cm of rainfall a year
-slow growth, late maturity, repeated reproduction and late life
-oviparous

94
Q

crocodiles

A

-Internal fertilization
-Oviparous
-secondary palate
-Males communicate with audible vocalizations and subsonic vibrations

95
Q

Temperature – Dependent Sex Determination

A

-sex is determined by incubation temperature during a
brief but specific stage of embryogenesis
-e.g. crocodilians, turtles and some lizards

96
Q

tuatara

A

-Sister to Squamata
-Most species were outcompeted by lizards in
the Cretaceous
-Only species that survives is in New Zealand
-survives to low temperatures
-Long lived

97
Q

Squamata (Lizards)

A

-11,302 species
-Some are elongated and limbless

98
Q

squamata parietal eye

A

-3rd eye
-has a retina, lens and nerve endings
-used for circadian rhythms
-lost in snakes and some lizards

99
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • Reproduction by females without fertilization
  • These are diploid, sometimes triploid
  • Once a parthenogenetic species is established it doubles its reproductive potential
  • Also occur in some snakes
100
Q

squamata (Snakes)

A

-3956 species
-Possible evolution from a nocturnal semi-burrowing lineage of lizards

101
Q

what is a dinosaur

A

-two holes in skull (diapsid)
-legs under the body
-oviparous
-terrestrial
-had epipophyses

102
Q

diplodocus

A

-lots of air spaces in structure of neck to make it lighter
-acted as accessory pumps going up the neck, assist in pumping blood to the brain

103
Q

dinosaur temperature regulation

A

-probably mesothermic
-could regulate their body temperature but didn’t do it all the time

104
Q

jurassic coast

A

189-199 mya

105
Q

Epipophyses

A

backward-pointing ‘ribs’ from the vertebrae

106
Q

dinosaur bones: what do they tell us

A

-Sauropod necks pneumatized = nice and light
-Motion: swaying, cervical ribs as shock absorbers
-Plod: compress muscles: squeezes air sacs around the vertebral artery = accessory pumps maintain blood pressure

107
Q

main groups of birds

A

-Paleognathae (ratites and tinamous)
-Neognathae – split into Galloanserae (chicken, ducks) and Neoaves (95% of extant species)

108
Q

birds respiratory system

A

-Air sacs
-Two respiratory cycles to move one unit of ‘breath’
-One-way passage of air
-Lots of ‘air capillaries’
-Allows birds to breathe at high elevations
-Efficient

109
Q

adaptations to flight

A

-Hollow bones to reduce weight
-Air filled bones
-Lower centre of gravity
-Enlarged sternum
-Extended scapula (shoulder bone)
-Fused clavicle (collarbone)
-Fused leg bones
-Small pygostyle (tail bone)

110
Q

flight muscles

A

-Contracting pectoralis produces down stroke
-Supracoracoideus produces upstroke
-Ratio of two muscles can be from 3:1 to 20:1
-Weight of muscles can be up to 25% body weight

111
Q

feather structure

A

-Simple chemical structure – beta-keratin + lipids/water/pigment
-Contour feathers streamlined, strong through barbule structure
-Many feather types e.g. down, plumes, bristles
-Protect against temperature extremes, water, sun

112
Q

Mechanics of Flight

A

-Inner wing stays rigid produces lift through aerodynamic properties
-Outer wing can move to provide thrust
-Tail provides lift, drag, stability and manoeuvrability

113
Q

Aspect ratio

A

length/area (long narrow will have high aspect ratio)

114
Q

Wing loading

A

weight of bird/wing area (small wings to body is high loading)

115
Q

Ability to change outer wing shape

A

manoeuvrability

116
Q

bird Locomotion on the ground

A

-Hopping and walking in terrestrial birds
-Runners have long thin legs
-Feet used for locomotion and catching prey in many species
-Trade off between speed on land and in air

117
Q

beak

A

-consists of bones that form mandibles
-surafce of bones covered with modified integument ‘rhamphotheca’
-dermis contains sensory receptors

118
Q

crop

A

temporary food storage for feeding chicks and storing extra
-In doves and pigeons crop produces ‘milk’ for young

119
Q

stomach

A

size related to diet, carnivore stores easily digestible material, herbivores muscles to breakdown food

120
Q

Proventrilicus

A

secretes digestive enzymes and acid (large in fruit eaters)

121
Q

gizzard

A

muscular, includes small stones to break down food

122
Q

Small intestine

A

Enzymes for food breakdown

123
Q

Large intestine

A

absorption of water and electrolytes

124
Q

Cloaca

A

stores waste while water reabsorbed

125
Q

birds development of young

A

-Altricial likely to need two parents
-Precocial one parent
-Most birds have altricial young
-Evolution of polygamy more likely with precocial young

126
Q

altricial

A

-Fed in nest
-Eyes closed at hatching
-No feathers

127
Q

precocial

A

-Downy plumage
-locomotor activity
-Follow parents
-May search for food and feed alone

128
Q

environmental odours

A

-Locate desirable items (food, water, nesting sites, etc.)
-Avoid dangers (fire, etc.).
-Prey localization,
-Homing
-Territorial marking
-Predator deterrence and avoidance
-Pollination

129
Q

pheromones

A

-Sex attractants,
-Identity of individuals,
-Social status,
-Social group, and place,
-Aggregation - mediate feeding, sex, and aggression;
-Dispersion - maintain individual spacing
-Reproductive - trigger courtship displays and postures

130
Q

pheromones mechanism

A

-individuals in social groups will often give off a group odour
-dogs roll in fox poo to smell like their environment

131
Q

olfaction

A

chemo-sensation

132
Q

odour receptors

A

reside in an epithelium interspersed with supporting cells.

133
Q

Aqueous fluid

A

separates the membrane from environmental chemicals - which reflects the evolutionary origin of these systems in a marine environment

134
Q

vertebrate olfaction

A

-birds, sharks and amphibians, quite a small area of the brain for scent
-number of genes involved in receptors determines how well they can smell

135
Q

dogs olfaction

A

-volmeronasal organ: specific to dogs, allows them to process pheromones
-short nosed dogs can’t smell well due to less room for receptors

136
Q

Invertebrate olfaction

A

-Bipolar neurons
-Neurons extend a thin dendrite to the environmental interface
-Recognition begins with the interaction of odour with odorant receptors on the dendritic

137
Q

vertebrate olfactory systems

A

The main olfactory system (MOS) and the accessory olfactory system (AOS)

138
Q

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A

-Part of the accessory olfactory system
-Involved in perception of pheromones
-Opens into to the nasal cavity.
-Present in most tetrapods - first seen in amphibians

139
Q

Vertebrate olfaction: Birds

A

-Small olfactory bulb in general
-uropygial gland produces preen oil that can differ seasonally and between sexes
-Pigeons use olfaction in homing

140
Q

Vertebrate olfaction: Kiwi

A

-Kiwis highly developed and functional olfactory system
-Kiwi’s olfactory bulb is the second largest among all birds relative to the size of its forebrain
-‘Nose’ at the end of the beak unlike other birds

141
Q

Electrosense

A

-Modified hair cells in the lateral line of some fish detect electric currents in water
-used for communication, prey detection or navigating

142
Q

ampullae of Lorenzini

A

-Sharks and rays
-jelly-filled canals detect differences in voltage between the opening of the canal and the electroreceptors
-detect prey and navigate using the earth’s magnetic field

143
Q

Nervous system variation

A

-Hydras have neurons arranged in nerve nets
-Sea stars have nerves projecting into each arm connecting to a central ring
-Bilateral organisms have central ganglia

144
Q

Nervous system: CNS

A

-CNS occurs only in bilateria, although not in all bilateral animals
-More developed inverts, show a more complex nervous system and the development of brains in the animals’ rostral part.
-An insect’s brain is a complex of six fused ganglia (three pairs) located dorsally within the head capsule.

145
Q

ENS

A

-Enteric Nervous System found across invertebrates and vertebrates
-ENS occurs in all animals investigated, including hydra, echinoderms and hemichordates that don’t have a CNS

146
Q

arthropod CNS

A

-The nervous system of an arthropod consists of specialized cells - neurons
-Arthropod CNS is segmented and can be roughly divided into the brain and the ventral nerve cord

147
Q

The Brain evolution

A

-Larger brain reduced rate of growth and reproduction
-probable limit on brain size

148
Q

Cephalopods

A

-Elaborate sense organs and nervous system
-Well developed eyes
-High visual acuity, but unlikely to see colours
-No blind spot
-Brain has lobes may be comparable to cerebellum and frontal lobes in vertebrates
-Rarely live for more than 2 years

149
Q

squid

A

-smaller brain
-complex clusters of nerves
-vertical and optical lobes, like octopus

150
Q

Octopus

A

-Brain-to-body ratio is the largest of any invertebrate
-Have about as many neurons as a dog
-Each arm has its own mini brain plus a central brain
-Brain has almost 40 different lobes
-Arms can act independently
-Chromatophores, for changing colour

151
Q

coelomate

A

internal cavity separated by organs with peritoneal lining

ABW (10 decks)

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