Biologging +Diving

Question 1

biologging

Answer 1

use of minaturised animal-attatched tags for logging + relaying data about an animal’s behaviour

Question 2

what data can biologging collect

Answer 2

movement, physiological (HR, MR), external (temp, water chem, wind, social interactions, anthropogenics)

Question 3

pros for using GPS

Answer 3

high sampling frequency + precision, cheap, can study short-long term

Question 4

con for using GPS

Answer 4

have to recover to access data

Question 5

pros of GLS

Answer 5

smaller so battery can last

Question 6

cons:

Answer 6

very low recovery, low precision (2 fixes/day)

Question 7

pros of pressure sensor

Answer 7

2D tracking

Question 8

cons of pressure sensor

Answer 8

recovery + need to have GPS attached (to find movement)

Question 9

pros of cameras

Answer 9

can take stills + vids, study social behaviours

Question 10

costs of cameras

Answer 10

lartge range of prices, difficult to attach

Question 11

what can accelerometry find

Answer 11

/ type of movement pattern for flight types: flapping flight, passive flight, plunge flight, on/under water, take off
-find amount of energy used to move

Question 12

8 types of archival devices

Answer 12

1. GPS
2. GLS
3. pressure sensor
4. Camera
5. Accelerometery
6. HR
7. Thermoregulation
8. Electroreception

Question 13

pros of satellites

Answer 13

can duty cycle (change frequ)
pop-up tags
use doppler shift

Question 14

cons of sattelites

Answer 14

expensive, low precision

Question 15

pros of GPS “Fastloc” with PTT/GSM/VHF

Answer 15

can use on quick-surfacing sp., low power consumption

Question 16

cons of GPS “Fastloc” with PTT/GSM/VHF

Answer 16

expensive, + fixed packaged (so can’t alter device)

Question 17

pros of radio + acoustic tracking

Answer 17

tags are cheap, give detailed long-term animal associations

Question 18

cons of radio + acoustic tracking

Answer 18

antennaes can be expensive

Question 19

pros of bluetooth + UAVs

Answer 19

ver small, lightweight, low-powered, good for tracking short movements with a defined are

Question 20

4 types of Remote tags

Answer 20

1. sattelites
2. GPS “Fastlos” with PTT/GSM/VHF
3. Radio + acoustic tracking
4. Bluetooth + UAVs

Question 21

what considerations must be accounted for for attach,enmt

Answer 21

weight, dragh, placement, attachments, if it will impact predation

Question 22

types of attachment metyhods for tags

Answer 22

internal: invasive, vet, close centre of gravity

external: dart, suction cup, glue/epoxy, tape, suture, harness

Question 23

what ethics must be accounted for in tags:

Answer 23

• neutral effects (but usually slightly negative)

Question 24

what can we migiate to make tags more ethical

Answer 24

shorter deployments, maximise data, only use instruments ofr the Qs of interest, minimuse mass, use pop-up tags (reduce stress), eak links, elasticated/strectchable

Question 25

3 methods of gill ventilation

Answer 25

1. buccal (goldfish) 2. ram (sharks + pelagic teleosts) 3. spircales (rays + some sharks)

Question 26

what are rakers on gills used for

Answer 26

proection + feeding

Question 27

problems for air breathers

Answer 27

acidosis, decompresison sickness

Question 28

how do reptiles adapted for diving

Answer 28

lower MR, ectothermic (so low O2 demand) -iguanas: limit dives to ~30mins -sea snakes: closeable nostrils, shallow -turtles: low MR, high myoglobin, lung collapse, cloacal absorption, slowly return to surfacre (stop DCS)

Question 29

adaptations for carrying more O2

Answer 29

lung size, total O2 stores (more myoglobin stores), more blood, more Hb + haematocrit

Question 30

adaptations to reduce the O2 demand

Answer 30

doive response (bradycardia, apenoa, periperal vasoconstriction), gliding, periods at surface to replensih

Question 31

adaptations to reduce acidosis (build up of CO2 + lactic acid via anaerobic metabolism)

Answer 31

only use aerobic metabolism, havehigh buffering capacity (high affinity to function at low pH)

Question 32

adaptations to reduce decompression sickness

Answer 32

lower reliance on lung stores, collapsible lungs, slow ascents, exhale before diving, muscle + blood O2 stores

Question 33

how do fish maintain neutral buoyancy

Answer 33

-moving structures to generate life - reduce heavy tissue (chondrichthyes dont have bone) -increase low density compounds (massive livers, lipid-rich tiossue, excrete heavy ions) -swim bladders (physostomous + physosclistous)

Question 34

how do air breathers maintain neutral buoyancy

Answer 34

air filled lungs -air trapped in fur/feathers gastroliths exhale efor edives powered dives until glide at neutral powered ascents

Question 35

how do air breathers overcome pressure

Answer 35

cranial sinsuses absent (in pinnipeds), redcued air spaces, stiff compressilbe airways, rete systems to equalise pressure in thorax, high cholesterol in platelets (reduce thrombosis), change membrane composition (reduce pressue neurally)

Question 36

how do fish overcome pressure

Answer 36

trimethlyamine N-Oxide (in some - increase cell vol, counteraCting pressure effect), increased unstautated fatty acids in phospholipids (preserve fluidity at high pressure)