Bony Fish

Question 1

what are the 2 clades og bony fish (osteichthyes)

Answer 1

sarcoperygii (lob-finned), actinopterygii (ray-finned)

Question 2

what are sacopterygii

Answer 2

coealacanths + lungfish

Question 3

characteristics of coelacanths

Answer 3

ovovivparous, living fossil, large bony cosmoid scales, intracranial joint, vistigial lungs (use them as juveniles)

Question 4

life history of chimaera

Answer 4

slow (due to stable environment), sexual maturity at 50yrs, gestation is 5yrs, live ~100yrs, slower evolutionary rate

Question 5

characteristics of lungfish

Answer 5

have lungs, FRESHWATER, TROPICAL-SUBTROPICAL, NO GULAR PLATE

Question 6

6 clades of actinopterygii

Answer 6

reedfish, sturgeons, paddlefish, bowfin, gars, teleosts

Question 7

what is distinctive about sturgeons

Answer 7

andronomous + dont have fully ossified skeleton

Question 8

what is distinctive about paddlefish

Answer 8

have electrorecptive ability

Question 9

chondrichthyes vs osteichthyes

Answer 9

skeleton (cartilage vs bone), scales (placoid vs true scales), gill slits (5-7 vs 5), buoyancy (liver + squaline vs swim bladder), reproduction (internal fertilisation vs internal + external fertilisation), birth (viviparity, oviparity, ovoviviparity vs oviparity, viviparity), digestion (spirl gut vs pyloric caeca)

Question 10

characteristics of actinopterygii

Answer 10

bone skeleton, true scales, operculum, moveable rays, complex head, hinged jaw, swim bladder, brain protected by cranium, numerous pyloric caeca

Question 11

5 types of body shape for osteichthyes

Answer 11

laterally compressed, dorsoventrally compressed, attenuated, fusiform, odd forms (globiform, dragonfish, horsiform)

Question 12

pros of buoyancy in chondrichthyes

Answer 12

dont need to use fins to maintain water column placement, large range of speed, dont need to keep moving to breathe

Question 13

what can fins be adapted for

Answer 13

suction (remora), soaring (flying fish), lures (angler fish), hunting (sailfish), resting, defence (weaver fish), locomotion (seahorses: dont use caudal but anal/pectoral fins)

Question 14

sinusoidal movement

Answer 14

stimulaus strats at head + as consecutive myomeres contract, creates waveform movement

Question 15

what is red muscle for

Answer 15

aerobic, fast oxidative, continous swimming

Question 16

what is white muscle for

Answer 16

anaerobic, slow oxidative, burst swimming

Question 17

function of scales

Answer 17

physical portection, streamlining, respiratory/excretory/osmoregulatory roles, coloration, sensort (vibration + lat line), glands (eg. venom)

Question 18

4 types of scales

Answer 18

placoid (chondrichthyes), ganoid (non-teleosts), ctenoid, cycloid

Question 19

how many osteichthyes are oviparous

Answer 19

99%

Question 20

3 reprodcutive strtas of osteichthyes

Answer 20

free floating pelagic (blufin tuna), bury dont guard (salmon), build nests + guard (clownfish)

Question 21

what mouth structure match which diet

Answer 21

engulfind: ambush preds(larger prey)
restraining: fast-moving pres
beak-like: coral specialists
Wide + soft: plankton feeders

Question 22

what vision specialisation does swordfish have

Answer 22

blood heats brain + eyes so vision can work in deep cold waters (when hunti§ng)

Question 23

what is the lateral line

Answer 23

detects pressure changes, series of neuromasts along the lat line canal with gel-filled changes

Question 24

process of pressure detection in osteichthyes

Answer 24

1. gel-filled changes in lat line
2. hairs extend out through skin allows water to enter
3. gel displaces due to water change
4. sensory cells detect change + send signal

Question 25

what osteichthyes are known for their good smell

Answer 25

salmon: recognise chem singatures of home natal grounds for breeding (chemical imprinting)

Question 26

process of olfaction in osteithchtyes

Answer 26

1. intake water through nares 2. passes through olfactory rosettes 3. signal processed in olfactory bulb 4. differentail signal can find directionality

Question 27

function of olfactory

Answer 27

detecting maters, fleeing from pred (smell blood), detect food, avoidpot dangerous odour sources (eg. chemical spill)