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Biology R > Biological Molecules : Carbs + Lipids > Flashcards

Biological Molecules : Carbs + Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates : what are polymers ?

A

Large , complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers together

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2
Q

Carbohydrates : what are monomers ?

A

Small , basic molecular units from which form larger molecules

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3
Q

Carbohydrates : General terms

A
  • monomers
  • dimers
  • polymers
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4
Q

Carbohydrates : Specific Terms

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharide
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5
Q

Carbohydrates : All carbohydrates contain …

A

Carbon ( C )
Hydrogen ( H )
Oxygen ( O )

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6
Q

Biological Molecules ( 5 )

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • water
  • lipids
  • nucleotides
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7
Q

Carbohydrates : Examples of Monomers

A
  • monosaccharides
  • amino acids
  • nucleotides
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8
Q

Carbohydrates : Examples of Monosaccharides

A
  • alpha glucose
  • beta glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
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9
Q

Carbohydrates : Examples of Disaccharides

A
  • alpha glucose + alpha glucose = maltose ( reducing sugars )
  • alpha glucose + galactose molecule = lactose ( reducing sugars )
  • alpha glucose + fructose = sucrose ( non-reducing sugars )
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10
Q

Carbohydrates : Examples of Polysaccharides

A
  • starch ( plants )
  • cellulose ( plants )
  • glycogen ( animals )
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11
Q

Carbohydrates : What do condensation reactions do ?

A

Join monosaccharides together

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12
Q

Carbohydrates : What is a condensation reaction ?

A

Two molecules join together with the formation of new chemical bonds and a water molecule is released when the bond is formed

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13
Q

Carbohydrates : What is the bond called when two monosaccharides join ?

A

Glycosidic bond

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14
Q

Carbohydrates : How is a disaccharide formed ?

A

Two monosaccharides join together

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15
Q

Carbohydrates : What breaks polymers down ?

A

Polymers are broken down with monomers by a hydrolysis reaction

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16
Q

Carbohydrates : What is a hydrolysis reaction ?

A

Hydrolysis reaction breaks the chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule

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17
Q

Carbohydrates : Bendedicts Test :reducing sugars

A

Reducing sugars include all monosaccharides and some disaccharides (maltose + lactose)

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18
Q

Carbohydrates : Bendedicts Test (Reducing Sugars)

A
  1. Add blue benedicts reagent
  2. Heat in a water bath
  3. If the test is positive a coloured precipitate will form
  4. Higher concentration of RS = further the colour change
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19
Q

Carbohydrates : Bendedicts Test : negative result

A

If results are negative there could be a non reducing sugar present

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20
Q

Carbohydrates : Bendedicts Test : test for non-reducing sugars

A
  1. Break sugars down into monosaccharides
  2. Add hydrochloric acid to hydrolyse
  3. Add sodium hydroxide to neutralise
  4. Carry out benedicts test for reducing sugars
  5. If test is positive it will form a coloured precipitate
  6. If its negative the solution will stay blue = no sugar
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21
Q

Carbohydrates : How is a polysaccharide formed ?

A

More than 2 monosaccharides are joined together by a condensation reaction

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22
Q

Carbohydrates : what is the main energy store in plants ?

A

Starch

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23
Q

Carbohydrates : what is starch ?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • an energy store that forms grains in the cytoplasm/chloroplasts
  • a polysaccharide of alpha glucose via condensation reactions to form alpha 1-4 gylcocidic bonds and some alpha 1-6 glycocidic bonds
24
Q

Carbohydrates : what is glycogen ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Polysaccharide of alpha glucose joined by condensation reaction to form alpha 1-4 glycocidic bonds and many alpha 1-6 glycocidic bonds

25
Carbohydrates : what does glycogen form and where ?
Granular in the liver , muscles and bacterial cells
26
Carbohydrates : what is cellulose ?
- structural polysaccharide that makes the cell wall | - polysaccharide of beta glucose joined via condensation reaction to form beta 1-4 glycocidic bonds
27
Carbohydrates : main feature of cellulose (structure)
Inverted
28
Carbohydrates : structure + function of starch
Large molecule (s) = doesn’t diffuse out of the cell (f) Insoluble (s) = doesn’t dissolve in cytoplasm (f) Alpha helix shape (s) = compact energy store (f) Branched (s) = alpha glucose can be rapidly hydrolysed for respiration
29
Carbohydrates : structure and function of glycogen
Large molecule (s) = doesn’t diffuse out of the cell (f) Insoluble (s) = doesn’t dissolve in cytoplasm (f) Alpha helix shape (s) = compact energy store (f) Branched (s) = alpha glucose can be rapidly hydrolysed for respiration
30
Carbohydrates : structure + function of cellulose
Many beta glucose molecules (s) = form straight long chains-building material (f) Hydrogen bonds form between cellulose chains (s) = strength (f) Many cellulose chains form microfibrils (s) = fibres make cell wall (f)
31
Carbohydrates : what test do you use for starch ?
Iodine test - add iodine dissolved in potassium iodine solution to test sample - if starch is present = browny/orange to blue/black colour
32
Lipids : what are lipids and what are they used for ?
``` Biological molecules of c,h,o Used: - -cell membranes -energy store -waterproofing (insoluble/non polar) -insulation -protection of organisms ```
33
Lipids : what are triglycerides ?
Type of lipid
34
Lipids : what are triglycerides made of ?
3 fatty acids and glycerol
35
Lipids : fatty acid molecules
- long tails made of hydrocarbons - hydrophobic = insoluble in water - tail varies
36
Lipids : how are triglycerides formed ?
Condensation reaction
37
Lipids : what happens during a condensation reaction for triglycerides ?
Fatty acid joins to glycerol molecule and water is released when Ester bond forms - process happens twice more
38
Lipids : what are saturated fatty acids ?
Don’t have any double bonds between carbon atoms so they’re saturated with hydrogen atoms
39
Lipids : what are mono-saturated/unsaturated fatty acids ?
Have at least one double bond between carbon atoms which causes chain to kink
40
Lipids : what are poly saturated fatty acids ?
Has more than one double bond between carbon atoms E.G oils at RT
41
Lipids : what are phospholipids ?
Lipids that are found in cell membranes
42
Lipids : how are phospholipids different to triglycerides ?
One of the fatty acid molecules are replaced with a phosphate which I hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
43
Lipids : main use of triglycerides ?
Energy store for molecules
44
Lipids : why are triglycerides good used as energy storage molecules ?
- insoluble so water isn’t drawn into cell via osmosis - high ratio C-H bonds which acts as an energy store - low mass-energy ratio making them good for storage as it can be stored in low volume
45
Lipids : what do phospholipids make up ?
Bilayer of cell membranes and these control what enters and leaves the cell
46
Lipids : describe structure of phospholipids
- hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails so they form a double layer - centre Is hydrophobic so water-soluble substance cant pass easily
47
Lipids : what test do you use for lipids ?
Emulsion test
48
Lipids : what is the emulsion test ?
1. shake test tube with ethanol so it dissolve s 2. pour distilled water into solution 3. if a milky emulsion forms the test is + and lipids are present 4. more lipids = more noticeable the milky colour will be
49
Preparing simple dilutions equation
C1V1=C2V2
50
C1 in equation
concentration of stock
51
V1 in equation
volume of stock to use
52
C2 in equation
final concentration
53
V2 in equation
final volume
54
how are serial dilutions useful ?
useful for producing a series of solutions with a constant dilution factor
55
Exam Technique : serial dilutions
1. Add one part stock to 9 parts distilled water 2. Mix well 3. Repeat using 9 parts distilled water to 1 part 10-1,10-2 dilutions

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