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Biology R > Genetic Diversity + Adaptation > Flashcards

Genetic Diversity + Adaptation Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

gene mutation

A

any change to one or more nucleotide bases or change in sequence of bases in DNA

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2
Q

change to base of DNA triplet

A

change in amino acid sequence of the polypeptide

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3
Q

substitution

A
  • nucleotide in DNA is replaced by another
    nucleotide
  • if it codes fo are different amino acid the tertiary structure of the protein changes so the function changes
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4
Q

substitution with no effect

A

if triplet still codes for same amino acid (degenerate)

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5
Q

deletion

A

nucleotide lost from the normal DNA sequence

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6
Q

effect of deletion

A
  • amino acid sequence changes to polypeptide may not function
  • one deleted nucleotide causes all triplets to be read differently
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7
Q

chromosome mutations

A

change to structure or number of whole chromosome

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8
Q

two types of chromosome mutations

A
  • changes in whole sets of chromosomes (3 or more sets e.g.polyploidy)
  • changes in number of individual chromosomes (h.p. don’t separate during meiosis = non dis-functional)
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9
Q

species

A

group of similar organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

what leads to genetic diversity

A

differences in DNA lead to vast genetic diversity

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11
Q

gene

A

section of DNA on a chromosome which codes for polypeptides

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12
Q

members of the same species

A

same genes but different alleles

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13
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene

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14
Q

genotype

A

genetic / allele combination of an organism

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15
Q

phenotype

A

genotype and effects of the environment (expressed characteristic )

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16
Q

population

A

group of the same species , in the same place , that can interbreed

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17
Q

more alleles lead to …

A
  1. increased genetic diversity
  2. wider range of characteristics (gene pool)
  3. increased change of surviving environmental change
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18
Q

what does genetic diversity enable

A

natural selection

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19
Q

natural selection and evolution

A

individuals who posses right alleles successfully reproduce and pass on alleles

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20
Q

successful reproduction and allele frequency

A

reproductive success of individuals affects allele frequency

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21
Q

successful reproduction and allele frequency : S.R.M.G.A.S.R.P.F.F

A 
selection pressure (some) 
random (really)
mutations cause (mental)
genetic diversity (goats) 
advantage (ate)
survive (some)
reproduce (raw)
passed (premium)
frequency of advantageous alleles (fish)
frequency (fingers)
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22
Q

selection

A

process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce .

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23
Q

selection pressure

A

environmental change that leads to organisms that are better adapted to their environment surviving and reproducing

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24
Q

continuous variation

A

a characteristic that can have a wide range of values

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25
discontinuous variation
- a characteristic with few possible values | - few discrete categories
26
characteristics
- most characteristics are really controlled by more than one gene (polyggenic) - more influenced by environment - continuous variation
27
2 Effects of selection
- directional selection | - stabilising selection
28
Directional selection
- favouring individuals that vary from the mean - changes characteristics - most resistant middle of graph Phenotypes selected and genotypes selected indirectly
29
Stabilising selection
- favouring average individuals - preserves characteristics for specific conditions - stable condition - phenotypes at extremes are selected against and genotypes selected indirectly - range of phenotypes reduced
30
Mutations are ...
1. Random and rare 2. Most harmful and lead to death 3. Those that lead to an advantage are due to chance 4. Large bacterial populations = greater chance
31
Adaptations due to natural section (3)
Anatomical (shorter ears / thicker fur) Physiological (oxidising fat instead of carbs for more water) Behavioural (e.g migration)
32
Reproduction
- organisms reproduce to increase survival overtime | - females of most species produce eggs at specific times
33
What does production of eggs at a specific time lead to
A selection pressure on courtship behaviour
34
What does courtship behaviour allow (3)
1. Recognise members of the same species 2. Identify sexually mature mate 3. Form pair bond = successful mating and offspring 4. beign able to breed by brining members of the opposite sex together
35
Classification
- organisation of living organisms into groups
36
+ of classifying
- better communication - avoiding confusion / mistakes because everyone sticks to same name - universal - understood by taxonomists
37
2 types of classification
- artificial | - phylogenetic
38
Artificial classification
- Grouping organisms based on features that are useful at the time - evolutionary origins a different / not considered
39
Phylogenetic classification
- based on evolutionary relationships between organisms - shared homologous detoured derived from evolutionary ancestors - hierarchies which don’t overlap
40
E.g of phylogenetic and artificial classification
``` Artificial = colour , size Phylogenetic = fossils , dna analysis ```
41
Taxonomic ranks (carl worse)
``` Domain (Divine) Kingdom (Kings) Phylum (Play) Class (Chess) Order (On) Family (Fat) Genus (Green) Species (Stools) ```
42
Taxon
Each group within a phylogenetic biological classification
43
Taxonomy
Study of taxonomic ranks
44
Domain
- bacteria - archaea - eukaryota
45
Binomial system
- 1st name = capital (genus) | - 2nd name (species / sp if unknown)
46
Phylogenetic tree
Oldest species at base and most recent at ends of branches
47
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationship between organisms
48
History of classification
- Aristotle = first taxonomists | - binomial system = carols Linnaeus
49
Biodiversity
Number and variety of living organism in a particular area
50
Species diversity
Number of different species an number or individuals of each species within a community
51
Genetic diversity
Variety of genes possessed by individuals that make up a population - number of different alleles within a population
52
Ecosystem diversity
Range of different habitats from a small local habitat to the whole earth
53
Species richness
Number of different species in a particular area at a given time
54
Diversity index
D = N(N-1) / {n(n-1) + quantitative Data D = index of diversity N = total number of organisms of all species n = total number of organisms of each species { = sum of
55
Why is species richness not helpful for comparisons
2 communities may have the s we number of species but in different proportions
56
Ecosystem
- Community of organisms and the habitats they live in | - develop overtime and form complex communities with huge biodiversity
57
E.g ecosystems
- rainforest - mountain - desert - tundra
58
Artificial ecosystem
- artificial (human control) | - farmers select desired species
59
Agricultural ecosystems : high or low genetic diversity
Low (genetic diversity , species richness , index of diversity)
60
Low biodiversity =
- few species dominate so fewer habitats / richness - variety decreases (plants/insects/animals) - variety of food decreases - global living system becomes increasingly unstable
61
Practices that have removed habitats and reduced species diversity
- agricultural ecosystems - economy (desired characteristic thrive) - pesticides
62
Effect of intensive food production
Fewer habitats
63
Practices that have directly removed habitats
- removal of hedgerows / grubbing woodland - creating mono cultures (same crops) - filling ponds / draining marsh - over grazing - pesticides - absence of crop rotation
64
Conservation / management techniques :
- maintain hedgerows / plants - maintain ponds - leave wet corners of fields - plant native trees - no pesticides l / organic fertilisers - natural meadows - leave cutting of field edges after flowering - conservation headlands
65
How to determine evolutionary relationships (direct)
- physical characteristics | - observe proteins / enzymes
66
How to determine evolutionary relationships (indirect)
- observe amino acid sequence - mRNA sequence - DNA sequence
67
Problems with observable characteristics
- some characteristics are polygenic (more alleles) | - environment may have more of an influence than thought
68
Comparing DNA sequences
- read DNA sequence of any organism | - determine the Exact order of nucleotide bases
69
Comparing DNA sequences : +
+ now automated machines +each base tagged with colour Adenine(green)guanine (yellow)thymine(red)cytosine(blue) +Produces a heat map which can be compared
70
Comparing DNA sequences : after speciation
- DNA sequences of new species are similar so they accumulate random mutations over time - As a result more closely related species show more DNA similarities=phylogenetic classification
71
Comparing DNA sequences : more mutation
More mutations = less similar to original
72
Comparing mRNA
- mRNA is coded for by DNA - mRNA Is complimentary to DNA - Compare DNA diversity and therefore genetic diversity
73
Comparing amino acid sequence : amino acid determined by
MRNA which is determined by DNA sequence
74
Comparing amino acid sequence : used to compare ?
Used to compare genetic diversity
75
Comparing amino acid sequence : closer related =
More similarities in amino acid sequence

Biology R (7 decks)

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